Notes

Introduction 1. Edward Hunain, “Ba`d al-`Asifah (After the Storm),” in `Ahad al-Nadwah al-Lubnaniyah: Khamsuna Sanat Min al-Muhadarat, Dar Al-Nahar, , 1997, p. 420. 2. Ibid., p. 420. 3. For a clear and precise view of the Dhimmi identity see Bernard Lewis, The Multiple Identities of the Middle East, Shocken Books, New York, 1998, pp. 120–121. 4. Charles Issawi, “Economic Development and Political Liberalism in ,” in Leonard Binder (ed.), Politics in Lebanon, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1966, p. 80. 5. Marius Deeb, “Lebanon in the Aftermath of the Abrogation of the Israeli– Lebanese Accord,” in Robert O. Freedman (ed.), The Middle East from the Iran-Contra Affair to the Intifada, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1991, pp. 332–333. 6. Al-Nahar, September 21, 2000, p. 1. 7. Ibid., p. 1.

Chapter 1 Asad’s Terrorist War on Lebanon and the Peace Process: The Beginnings, 1974–1978 1. Hanna Batatu, “Some Observations on the Social Roots of ’s Ruling Military Group and the Causes for Its Dominance,” The Middle East Journal, Vol. 35, No. 3, Summer 1981, pp. 331–344. 2. Henry Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, Little, Brown and Company, Boston and Toronto, 1982, pp. 1082–1083. 3. Ibid., pp. 1104–1106. 4. This region was used extensively by various factions of the PLO. See for instance the study by the leader of the PFLP-GC about the battles with the Israelis in that region, during the period 1970–1972. Ahmad Jabril, Al-`Arqub Bayn Igharatayn: Ahdaf al-`Adduw Fi al-I`tida’at `Ala Janub Lubnan, n.p., 1972. 5. Newsweek, March 3, 1975, p. 34. 224 ● Notes

6. Al-Ba`th, February 27, 1975. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1975, American University of Beirut, Beirut, n.d., pp. 107–110. 7. The Washington Post, March 5, 1975, p. A10. 8. Umm al-Qurah, April 25, 1975. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1975, pp. 260–261. 9. Ibid., p. 260. 10. Al-Thawrah, August 3, 1975. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiyah, 1975, p. 459. 11. Al-Ba`th, August 24, 1975. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1975, pp. 503–505. 12. Al-Ba`th, January 8, 1975. The Text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiyah, 1975, p. 3. 13. This was revealed in a book published by Roger `Azzam on the early stages of the conflict in Lebanon. Al-Nahar, June 14, 2001, p. 4. 14. Marius Deeb, The , Praeger, New York, 1980, pp. 1–2, 103–105. 15. Filastin al-Thawrah, June 29, 1975. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1975, pp. 376–379. 16. Al-Nida’, July 4, 1975. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1975, pp. 391–392. 17. Al-Nahar, July 2, 1975. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1975, p. 387. 18. Al-Thawrah, August 3, 1975. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1975, p. 458. 19. Ibid., p. 458. 20. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, p. 124; Antoine Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan, 1975, Dar al-Abjadiya, Junya, 1976, pp. 206–207, 221–222. 21. Ibid., p. 221. 22. Ibid., pp. 219–220. 23. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, p. 77. 24. Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan, 1975, p. 187. 25. Henry Kissinger, White House Years, Little, Brown and Company, Boston and Toronto, 1979, pp. 617–631. 26. Zuhair Muhsin, Mawqifuna fi al-Azamat al-Lubnaniya, al-Qiyadah al-Qawmiyah Press, Damascus, 1977, pp. 59–60. 27. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, p. 39. 28. Ibid., p. 39. 29. Ibid., p. 107; Al-Nahar, December 31, 1975, pp. 1 and 8. 30. Al-Anwar, January 1, 1976. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1976, American University of Beirut, Beirut, n.d., pp. 2–4. 31. Ibid., p. 4. 32. Al-Nahar, January 8, 1976, p. 1. 33. Ibid., p. 1. 34. , Azmat Fi Lubnan, Al-Fikr al-Hurr Press, Beirut, 1977, p. 20. 35. Al-Nahar, January 4, 1976, pp. 2 and 3. Notes ● 225

36. Muhsin, Mawqifuna fi al-Azmat al-Lubnaniya, p. 81. 37. Ibid., pp. 81–82. 38. Al-Hawadith, no. 1003, January 30, 1976, p. 39. 39. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, p. 126. 40. Muhsin, Mawqifuna fi al-Azmah al-Lubnaniya, p. 86. 41. For an analysis of the Constitutional Document, see Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, pp. 85–88. 42. Ibid., pp. 88–90. 43. Al-Nahar, December 9, 1975, p. 2. Junblat was traditionally opposed to a strong Lebanese army because conscription would put his Druze community, which constituted not more than 7 percent of the total population, at a disadvantage. 44. Fu’ad Lahhud, Ma’sat Jaysh Lubnan, n.p., n.d. [1976], pp. 203–204. A leading Palestinian figure who likes to remain unnamed related to the author, in June 1979, of the role of `Arafat’s Fath in the disintegration of the Lebanese army. 45. Al-Nahar, March 12, 1976, pp. 1 and 8. 46. Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1999, p. 1039. 47. Ibid., p. 1044. 48. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, pp. 90–91. 49. Muhsin, Mawqifuna fi al-Azmat al-Lubnaniya, p. 150. Muhsin claimed that Syrian troops had advanced only five kilometers inside Lebanon. Other quasi- official sources confirmed the arrival of Syrian troops to Dahr al-Baydar. Fu’ad Matar, Suqut al-Imbraturiya al-Lubnaniya, Vol. 3, Al-Inqisam, n.p. [Beirut], 1976, p. 48. 50. Ibid., p. 49. 51. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, pp. 91–92. 52. Ibid., p. 91. 53. Al-Nahar, January 25, 1976, p. 2. 54. This was confirmed by statements made by Prime Minister Karami on May 16, 1976. Al-Nahar, May 17, 1976, p. 2. This was also confirmed by the former minister Malik Salam. Ibid., May 18, 1976, p. 3. 55. Ibid., April 11, 1976, p. 2. 56. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, p. 9. 57. Al-Nahar, May 11, 1976, pp. 1 and 4. 58. An interview with Kamal Junblat in al-Anba’, April 10, 1976. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1976, pp. 220–221. 59. Al-Muharrir, April 13, 1976. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1976, p. 225. 60. Al-Nahar, May 3, 1976, p. 2. 61. Ibid., p. 2. 62. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, p. 131. 63. Al-Safir, May 24, 1976. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1976, pp. 314–315. 64. Itamir Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, 1970–1983, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1984, p. 106. 226 ● Notes

65. Al-Nahar, June 2, 1976, p. 3. 66. Ibid., June 3, 1976, p. 3. 67. Al-Anwar, June 8, 1976. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1976, p. 379. 68. Al-Nahar, June 3, 1976, pp. 2 and 3. 69. Ibid., June 2, 1976, p. 2. 70. Ibid., June 3, 1976, pp. 2 and 3. That was the view of the president of the Chamber of Deputies, Kamal al-Asad, the prominent Druze leader, Majid Arsalan, and religious leader of the Shi`i community, Imam Musa al-Sadr. 71. Al-Anwar, June 2, 1976. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1976, p. 340. 72. Al-Nahar, June 3, 1976, p. 2. 73. Antoine Khuwayri, Al-Harb Fi Lubnan 1976, Vol. II, Dar al-Abjadiya, Junya, 1977, p. 728. 74. Al-Nahar, June 9, 1976, pp. 1 and 4. 75. Ibid., pp. 1 and 4. 76. Marius Deeb, “Saudi Arabian Policy Toward Lebanon Since 1975,” Toward a Viable Lebanon, H. Barakat (ed.), Croom Helm, London and Sydney, 1988, p. 169. 77. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, p. 113. 78. Al-Nahar, June 17, 1976, p. 2. 79. Ibid., p. 2. 80. Ibid., June 19, 1976, p. 2. This was the view of Kamil al-As`ad, the president of the Chamber of Deputies. 81. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, p. 131. 82. Al-Nahar, June 9, 1976, p. 2. 83. Ibid., p. 2. 84. Ibid., June 25, 1976, pp. 1 and 4. See also Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, p. 134. 85. Al-Nahar, July 1, 1976, p. 2. 86. Ibid., June 29, 1976, p. 4. 87. Ibid., p. 4. 88. Ibid., June 30, 1976, p. 3. 89. Ibid., July 1, 1976, pp. 1 and 4. 90. Ibid., July 3, 1976, p. 1. 91. Ibid., July 10, 1976, p. 1. 92. Ibid., p. 1. 93. Ibid., p. 1. 94. Ibid., July 21, 1976, pp. 1, 4, and 5. 95. Ibid., pp. 4 and 5. 96. Ibid., pp. 4 and 5. 97. Ibid., p. 5. 98. Ibid., July 25, 1976, p. 4. 99. Ibid., p. 4. 100. Ibid., p. 4. Notes ● 227

101. Khuwayri, Al-Harb fi Lubnan, 1976, Vol. II, p. 797. 102. Ibid., p. 797. 103. Al-Nahar, August 1, 1976, p. 1. 104. Ibid., p. 1. 105. Ibid., p. 1. 106. Ibid., p. 1. 107. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, p. 116. 108. Al-Nahar, August 14, 1976, pp. 1 and 4. 109. Ibid., August 28, 1976, p. 2. 110. Antoine Khuwayri, Al-Harb fi Lubnan 1976, Vol. III, Dar al-Abjadiya, Junya, 1977, pp. 284–286. 111. Al-Nahar, September 23, 1976, p. 6. 112. Ibid., p. 6. 113. Ibid., p. 6. 114. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, p. 136. 115. Ibid., p. 136. 116. Khuwayri, Al-Harb fi Lubnan, 1976, Vol. III, p. 584. 117. Al-Nahar, October 6, 1976, p. 4. 118. Khuwayri, Al-Harb fi Lubnan, 1976, Vol. III, p. 690. 119. Ibid., pp. 706–707. 120. Ibid., p. 707. 121. Ibid., p. 707. 122. Al-Nahar, October 19, 1976, pp. 1 and 4. 123. Al-Anwar, December 22, 1976. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1976, pp. 871–872. 124. Time, January 24, 1977, p. 38. 125. The New York Times, August 29, 1977, p. 10. 126. Jimmy Carter, Keeping Faith, Bantam Books, New York, 1983, p. 292. 127. Time, January 24, 1977, p. 32. 128. Al-Watan al-`Arabi, February 16, 1977. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1977, American University of Beirut, Beirut, n.d., pp. 43–50. 129. L. Carl Brown, International Politics and the Middle East: Old Rules, Dangerous Game, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1984, p. 18. 130. Al-Ba`th, February 20, 1977. The text is in al-Wath’iq al-`Arabiya, 1977, pp. 60–62. 131. Al-Ba`th, February 21, 1977. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1977, pp. 62–64. 132. Ibid., pp. 62–64. 133. Al-Ba`th, April 24, 1977. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1977, pp. 244–246. 134. Al-Ba`th, April 28, 1977. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1977, pp. 249–251. 135. Walid Khalidi, Conflict and Violence in Lebanon, Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1979, pp. 126–127. 228 ● Notes

136. Cecil Hourani, An Unfinished Odyssey: Lebanon and Beyond, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1984, pp. 170–188. 137. Ibid., p. 177. 138. Antoine Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan 1977–78, Wa Akhiran Haraquh, Dar al- Abjadiya, Junya, 1978, p. 134. 139. Although the Syrians were behind the assassination (Junblat’s son Walid told U.S. Ambassador Richard Parker: “the Syrians killed my father”), Junblat’s Druze partisans massacred 177 Christians in the Shuf region. The victims were innocent civilians, men, women, and children with ages ranging from one to ninety-one years. For their names, ages, and the villages they hailed from see al-Nahar, March 17, 1986, p. 3. 140. Al-Ahram, March 23, 1977. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1977, pp. 144–145. 141. Al-Ahram, March 12, 1977. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1977, pp. 131–133. 142. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor, 1977–1981, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 1983, p. 95. 143. Carter, Keeping Faith, p. 295. 144. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1983, p. 194. 145. Ismail Fahmy, Negotiating for Peace in the Middle East, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 1983, p. 261. 146. Moshe Dayan, Breakthrough: A Personal Account of the – Peace Negotiations, Knopf, New York, 1981, p. 88. 147. Ibid., p. 87. 148. Ibid., p. 80. 149. , La Paix Manquee: Le Mandat D’, 1976–1982, Fiche du Monde Arabe, Beirut, 1983, p. 171. 150. Al-Ahram, November 18, 1977. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1977, pp. 706–708. 151. Al-Nahar, December 6, 1977. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1977, p. 792. 152. Ibid., p. 792. 153. Ibid., p. 792. 154. Ibid., p. 792. 155. Al-Anwar, December 5, 1977. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1977, p. 791. 156. The New York Times, December 8, 1977, pp. 1 and 10. 157. Al-Ba`th, February 24, 1978. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1978, American University of Beirut, Beirut, n.d., pp. 118–120. 158. Al-Ba`th, February 22, 1978. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1978, pp. 111–112. 159. Newsweek, January 16, 1978, pp. 41–42. Notes ● 229

160. Al-Nahar, February 6, 1978. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1978, pp. 93–95. 161. Al-Ba`th, May 7, 1978. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1978, pp. 264–265. 162. Ibid., pp. 264–265. 163. Al-Thawrah, January 23, 1978. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1978, pp. 48–49. 164. Al-Ba`th, April 7, 1978. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1978, pp. 214–215. 165. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 126. 166. Ibid., p. 126. 167. Ibid., p. 128. 168. Ibid., p. 128. 169. Ibid., p. 128. 170. Ibid., p. 75.

Chapter 2 From the Litani Operation to Peace for Galilee, 1978–1982 1. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 128. 2. Al-Safir, March 16, 1978. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1978, American University of Beirut, Beirut, n.d., pp. 173–174. 3. Al-Nahar, February 4, 1978. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiyah, 1978, p. 89. 4. Al-Safir, March 16, 1978. The text in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiyah, 1980, pp. 173–174. 5. Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan, 1977–1978: Wa Akhiran Haraquh, p. 242. 6. Ibid., p. 272. 7. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1978, pp. 194–196. 8. After the assassination of Kamal Junblat on March 16, 1977, it was reported that Imam Musa al-Sadr had said: “I am told I am next in line.” Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam: Musa al-Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon, Cornell University Press, Ithaca and London, 1986, p. 176. 9. Peter Theroux, The Strange Disappearance of Imam Moussa Sadr, London, 1987, pp. 124–127. At the time of al-Sadr’s disappearance, al-Qadhdhafi relied on Syrian pilots to fly his airforce because he did not trust his Libyan pilots. Information provided by former president Amin Gemayel, June 29, 2002. 10. The doctrine of Occultation (Ghayba) asserts that the Twelfth Imam, Muhammad Ibn Hasan, “did not die but has been concealed by God from the eyes of men.” Moojan Momen, An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi`ism, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1985, p. 165. The date of the Greater Occultation is 941 A.D. 11. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 150. 12. Ibid., p. 149. 230 ● Notes

13. Ibid., pp. 109–110. 14. Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan 1977–1978: Wa Akhiran Haraquh, p. 370. 15. Richard B. Parker, “Kawkaba and South Lebanon Imbroglio: A Personal Recollection, 1977–1978,” The Middle East Journal, Vol. 50, No. 4, Autumn 1996, p. 557. 16. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 156. 17. Ibid., p. 156. 18. Markaz al-Tawthiq wal-Buhuth al-Lubnani, Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, 1943–1985, Dar al-Nashr wal-Taswiq, Bayt al-Mustaqbil, Antilias, 1986, p. 375. 19. Ibid., p. 375. 20. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 170. 21. Ibid., p. 170. See also Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan: Wa-Akhiran Haraquh, pp. 495–497. 22. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 170. 23. Ibid., p. 170. 24. Ibid., p. 172. 25. Ibid., p. 177. 26. Ibid., pp. 178–179. 27. Al-Nahar, October 18, 1978. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiyah, 1978, p. 650. 28. Pakradouni, La Paix Manque, p. 183. 29. Al-Thawrah, October 27, 1978. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1978, pp. 667–668. 30. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 183. 31. Ibid., p. 184. 32. Al-Mustaqbil, December 30, 1978, p. 13. 33. Ibid., p. 14. 34. Patrick Seale, Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East, I.B. Tauris, London, 1988, p. 289. 35. Al-Mustaqbil, December 30, 1978, p. 16. 36. Tishrin, January 25, 1979. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1979, Beirut, n.d., pp. 42–43. 37. Al-Ba`th, January 16, 1979. The text is in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiya, 1979, pp. 28–31. 38. Antoine Al-Khuwayri, Lubnan Taht al-Ihtilal: Hawadith Lubnan, 1979, Vol. VII, Dar al-Abjadiya, Junya, 1981, pp. 236–239. 39. Ibid., pp. 316–319. 40. Ibid., p. 321. 41. Ibid., pp. 343–344. 42. Ibid., p. 379. 43. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 195. 44. Ibid., p. 195. 45. Ibid., p. 195. Notes ● 231

46. Khuwayri, Lubnan Taht al-Ihtilal, Vol. VII, p. 412. 47. Ibid., p. 412. 48. Ibid., p. 412. 49. Ibid., p. 436. 50. Ibid., pp. 611–615 and 621–623. 51. Ibid., pp. 639–640. 52. Ibid., p. 645. 53. Ibid., pp. 629–630. 54. Ibid., pp. 673–674. 55. Antoine Khuwayri, Lubnan Taht al-Ihtilal Hawadith Lubnan, 1979, Vol. VIII, Dar al-Abjadiya, Junya, 1981, p. 289. 56. Ibid., p. 65. 57. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 199. 58. Ibid., p. 199. In fact Syria was by then supporting Lebanon’s Arab Army (LAA), after it released from Syrian custody its founder Lt. Ahmad Khatib, on August 6, 1978. U.S. Ambassador Richard B. Parker described Khatib’s release as “most unhelpful.” From Parker to the State Department, Beirut, Cable No. 4589, August 9, 1978, p. 2. 59. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 201. 60. Khuwayri, Lubnan Taht al-Ihtilal, Hawadith Lubnan, 1979, Vol. VIII, p. 602. 61. Antoine Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan 1981: Al-Sira` al-Suri al-Isra’ili, Vol. XI, Dar al-Abjadiya, Junya, 1983, p. 175. 62. Ibid., p. 190. 63. Voice of Lebanon in , February 4, 1980, in FBIS Daily Report: Middle East and North Africa, Syria, February 5, 1980, p. H 3. 64. Ibid., p. H 1. 65. Ibid., p. H 2. 66. Khuwayri, Lubnan Bayn al-Shar`iya wal-Ihtilal, Hawadith Lubnan, 1980, Vol. IX, Dar al-Abjadiya, Junya, 1982, p. 78. 67. Ibid., pp. 220–223. Fouad Ajami aptly started his seminal book on Arab politics with Salim Lawzi’s murder. The Arab Predicament: Arab Political Thought and Practise Since 1967, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 2–3. 68. Khuwayri, Lubnan Bayn al-Shar`iya wal-Ihtilal, Hawadith Lubnan, 1980, Vol. IX, pp. 169–170. 69. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 207. 70. Khuwayri, Lubnan Bayn al-Shar`iya wal al-Ihtilal, Hawadith Lubnan, 1980, Vol. IX, pp. 242–245. 71. Ibid., p. 232. 72. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 208. 73. Khuwayri, Lubnan Bayn al-Shar`iya wal Ihtilal Hawadith Lubnan, 1980, Vol. IX., pp. 354–355. 74. Ibid., p. 232. 75. Ibid., p. 232. 232 ● Notes

76. Ibid., pp. 208–209 and 457–460. 77. Ibid., p. 430. 78. Al-Safir, April 10, 1980. The text in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiyah, 1980, pp. 194–196. 79. Al-Safir, May 5, 1980. The text in al-Watha’iq al-`Arabiyah, 1980, pp. 251–255. 80. Deeb, The Lebanese Civil War, p. 64. 81. Antoine Khuwairi, Lubnan Bayn al-Shar`iya wal Ihtilal, Hawadith Lubnan, 1980, Vol. X, Junya, 1982, pp. 23–39. 82. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 215. 83. Ibid., p. 218. 84. Khuwayri, Lubnan Bayn al-Shar`iya wal-Ihtilal, Hawadith Lubnan, 1980, Vol. X, pp. 96–98. 85. Ibid., pp. 89–93. 86. Ibid., pp. 111–113, 128–129, 166, 237, and 335–336. 87. Gerard Michaud, “The Importance of Bodyguards,” in MERIP REPORTS, No. 110, November–December 1982, p. 30. 88. “Salah ed-Din al-Bitar’s Last Interview,” in MERIP REPORTS, No. 110, November–December 1982, pp. 21–23. 89. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 219. 90. Khuwayri, Lubnan Bayn al-Shar`iya wal-Ihtilal, Hawadith Lubnan, 1980, Vol. X, p. 410. 91. Antoine Khuwayri, Hawadith Zahle, 1975–1981: Zahle Malhamat Sumud wa Butulah, Dar al-Abjadiya, Junya, 1982, pp. 153–159. 92. Idem., Lubnan Bayn al-Shar`iya wal-Ihtilal, Hawadith Lubnan, 1980, Vol. X, p. 436. 93. Jean-Louis Dufour, Les Vraies Guerres, La Manufacture, Lyon, 1990, p. 38. 94. Khuwayri, Lubnan bayn al-Shar`iya wal-Ihtilala, Hawadith Lubnan, 1980, p. 470. 95. Ibid., p. 474. 96. The text of this program is in ibid., pp. 426–432. 97. Ibid., p. 446. 98. International Herald Tribune, January 14, 1981, p. 2. 99. Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan 1981: Al-Sira` al-Suri-al-Isra’ili, Vol. XI, p. 30. 100. Ibid., p. 31. 101. Ibid., p. 131. 102. Ibid., p. 34. 103. Ibid., p. 35. 104. Ibid., p. 39. 105. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 224. 106. Ibid., pp. 224–225. 107. Ibid., p. 225. 108. Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan 1981, Vol. XI, p. 196. Notes ● 233

109. Ibid., p. 211. 110. Ibid., p. 211. 111. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 225. 112. Ibid., p. 225. 113. Ibid., p. 225. 114. Ibid., p. 225. 115. Ibid., pp. 225–226. 116. Ibid., p. 226. 117. Ibid., p. 226. 118. Ibid., p. 226. 119. Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan 1981, Vol. XI, p. 370. 120. Ibid., p. 431. 121. Ibid., p. 431. 122. Ibid., p. 367. 123. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, p. 81. 124. Ibid., p. 234. 125. Ibid., pp. 234–235. 126. Ibid., p. 231. 127. Ibid., p. 231. 128. Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan 1981, Vol. XI, pp. 701, 722. 129. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, pp. 232 and 234. 130. Ibid., p. 234. 131. Ibid., p. 234. 132. Antoine Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan 1981: al-Sira` al-Suri al-Isra’ili fi Lubnan, Vol. XII, Dar al-Abjadiya, Junya, 1983, p. 72. 133. Ibid., p. 80. 134. Ibid., pp. 89–90. 135. Ibid., p. 92 136. Pakradouni, La Paix Manquee, pp. 235–236. 137. Ibid., p. 236. 138. Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan 1981, Vol. XII, p. 130. 139. Ibid., p. 135. 140. Ibid., p. 135. 141. Ibid., pp. 224 and 228–230. 142. Ibid., p. 129. 143. Ibid., p. 296. 144. Dufour, Les Vraies Guerres, p. 38. 145. Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan 1981, Vol. XII, p. 303. 146. Ibid., p. 314. 147. Dufour, Les Vraies Guerres, p. 38. 148. Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan 1981, Vol. XII, p. 354. 149. Ibid., p. 419. 150. Ibid., pp. 385–387, 401, and 442–446. 234 ● Notes

151. Ibid., p. 507. 152. Ibid., p. 526. 153. Ibid., p. 531. 154. Ibid., p. 533. 155. Ibid., p. 533. 156. Ibid., p. 668. 157. Ibid., p. 133. 158. Al-Nahar, November 30, 1981, p. 4. 159. Ibid., p. 4. 160. Ibid., p. 4. 161. Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Ya’ari, Israel’s Lebanon War, New York, 1984, p. 51. 162. Ibid., p. 51. 163. Ibid., p. 54. 164. Yossi Melman, “Israel’s Back Road to Damascus, Jerusalem and Syria Have a Long History of Face-to-Face Contacts,” The Washington Post, August 4, 1991, p. C2. 165. Ibid., p. C2. 166. For what happened in Hama see Thomas L. Friedman, From Beirut to Jerusalem, New York, 1989, Chapter 4, pp. 76–105. 167. Girard Michaud, “The Importance of Bodyguards,” in MERIP REPORTS, No. 110, November–December 1982, p. 30. 168. Earlier in the spring of 1981 when Syria decided to invite Abu Nidal, General Muhammad Al-Khuli, the head of the Air Force Intelligence told an Abu Nidal delegation: “Our leadership [President Asad] has decided that Syria should be your country, so welcome to it! . . . Let us hope that the relationship between us will go from strength to strength.” Patrick Seale, Abu Nidal: A Gun for Hire, New York, 1992, p. 122. 169. Schiff and Ya’ari, Israel’s Lebanon War, pp. 99–100. 170. Seale, Abu Nidal: A Gun for Hire, p. 225. 171. Richard A. Gabriel, Operation Peace for Galilee: The Israeli–PLO War in Lebanon, Hill and Wang, New York, 1984, p. 63. 172. Ariel Sharon with David Chanoff, Warrior: An Autobiography, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1989, p. 459. 173. Ibid., p. 459. 174. Ibid., p. 465. 175. Ibid., p. 465. 176. Schiff and Ya’ari, Israel’s Lebanon War, p. 159. 177. Sharon, Warrior, p. 465. 178. Gabriel, Operation Peace for Galilee, pp. 97–99. 179. Schiff and Ya’ari, Israel’s Lebanon War, p. 169. 180. Ibid., p. 169. 181. Ibid., p. 169. 182. Ibid., p. 169. Notes ● 235

183. Ibid., pp. 174–179. 184. Gabriel, Operation Peace for Galilee, pp. 104–105. 185. Schiff and Ya’ari, Israel’s Lebanon War, p. 179. 186. I personally witnessed this battle from afar in Junya while on board U.S.S. Nashville, being evacuated with my family to Cyprus. 187. Sharon, Warrior, p. 478. Unlike Habib, Secretary of State Haig was fully aware of the opportunity offered by the Israeli defeat of the PLO and Syria, but on June 25, 1982, he had to resign. See Alexander M. Haig, Caveat: Realism, Reagan, and Foreign Policy, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1984, pp. 342–343. 188. Khuwayri, Hawadith Lubnan 1980, Vol. X, p. 437. 189. Ibid., p. 437.

Chapter 3 Exit PLO, Enter Hizballah: 1982–1985 1. Al-Nahar, July 27, 1982, p. 3. 2. Ibid., August 24, 1982, p. 4. See also al-Wathiqa, Vol. IV, Wa`d al-Shahid, Fasl min Rasa’il al-Bashir, T`awuniyat al-Nashr wal-I`lam, Beirut, n.d., pp. 31–33. 3. Al-Nahar, August 25, 1982, p. 12. 4. Ibid., August 26, 1982, p. 1. 5. Ibid., p. 14. 6. Ibid., September 12, 1982, p. 2. 7. Ibid., p. 2. 8. See the article “The Terror Factor Part 4: Trail in killing of Gemayel Kin leads to Syria,” The Washington Post, February 8, 1984, pp. A1 and A24. The article quoted Major General Yehoshua Saguy, the head of Israeli military intelligence at the time of the killing of Bashir Gemayel, who stated: “It is based on hard evidence that President Assad initiated it. It was done through the intelligence officer of the Air Force.” Ibid., p. A1. 9. It was estimated by the International Committee of the Red Cross that 2,750 civilians including women and children were killed in the Sabra-Shatila mas- sacres. Israel in Lebanon: The Report of the International Commission to Enquire into Reported Violations of International Law by Israel during its Invasion of the Lebanon, Ithaca Press, London, 1983, p. 176. 10. Al-`Alaqat Al-Lubnaniya Al-Suriya, p. 424. 11. Al-Nahar, December 10, 1982, pp. 1 and 13. 12. Al-`Alaqat Al-Lubnaniya Al-Suriya, p. 428. 13. Al-Nahar, January 3, 1983, p. 2. 14. Ibid., January 4, 1983, p. 1. 15. Ibid., January 3, 1983, p. 5. 16. Ibid., p. 5. 17. Ibid., January 4, 1983, p. 2. 18. Ibid., January 5, 1983, p. 1. 236 ● Notes

19. Ibid., p. 5. 20. Al-Hawadith, No. 1367, January 14, 1983, pp. 14–15. 21. Ibid., pp. 14–15. 22. Al-Nahar, January 10, 1983, p. 2. 23. Ibid., January 7, 1983, p. 4. 24. Ibid., June 15, 1982, p. 2. 25. Waddah Shararah, Dawlat Hizballah Mujtam`an Islamiyyan, Dar al-Nahar, Beirut, 1996, pp. 338 and 341–342. 26. Al-Nahar, November 22, 1982, p. 1. 27. Ibid., p. 3. 28. Ibid., January 9, 1983, p. 2. 29. Ibid., January 21, 1983, p. 1. 30. Al-Mufawadat al-Lubnaniya al-Isra’iliya, p. 39. 31. Al-Nahar, February 9, 1983, p. 4. 32. Elie Salem, the Lebanese foreign minister, who accompanied Prime Minister al-Wazzan to Tunis to meet `Arafat on February 1, 1983, makes no mention of any written assurance from `Arafat. It was oral: “He [`Arafat] insisted that his decision to withdraw all PLO fighters from Lebanon was final...As the PLO fighters were not a disciplined army, he would have to come personally to the Biqa` valley and Tripoli to persuade them and their families to leave.” Elie Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon: The Troubled Years, 1982–1988, I.B. Tauris Publishers, London and New York, 1995, p. 62. 33. Al-Mufawadat al-Lubnaniya al-Isra’iliyay, p. 49. 34. Ibid., p. 41. 35. Monday Morning, Vol. 12, No. 570 (June 13–19, 1983), p. 58. 36. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 435. 37. Al-Nahar, May 6, 1983, pp. 1, 2, and 12. 38. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 89. 39. Al-Nahar, May 14, 1983, p. 10. 40. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 441. 41. Al-Mufawadat al-Lubnaniya al-Isra’iliya, pp. 77–78. 42. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 114. 43. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 437. 44. Ibid., p. 438. 45. Al-Mufawadat al-Lubnaniya al-Isra’iliya, p. 84. 46. Ibid., p. 85. 47. Ibid., p. 88. 48. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 442. 49. The members of the Lebanese parliament were elected in the free and fair elections of 1972. In contrast Syria had no free elections since the Ba`th Party took power through a military coup in March 1963. 50. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 442. 51. Ibid., p. 443. Notes ● 237

52. Al-Mufawadat al-Lubnaniya al-Isra’iliya, p. 87. 53. Ibid., p. 93. 54. Monday Morning, No. 577, August 1–7, 1983, p. 6. 55. Al-Mufawadat al-Lubnaniya al-Isra’iliya, pp. 94–95. 56. Ibid., p. 98. 57. Ibid., p. 99. 58. The Washington Post, August 30, 1983, p. A1. 59. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 446. 60. Ibid., p. 446. 61. For the text of this letter see , L’Offense et Le Pardon, Gallimard et Lieu Commun, Paris, 1988, pp. 123–124. 62. The Druze militia of Walid Junblat besieged Dayr al-Qamar for over three months and through snipers inflicted daily casualties among the Christian refugees. For the view point of the besieged see Raji `Ashquti, Hisar Dayr al-Qamar, n.p., Beirut, 1984, pp. 61–162 and 175–181. 63. Ibid., pp. 203–210 64. Harb al-Jabal Fi Lubnan: Difa`an `An al-Wujud wal-Karamah, n.p., 1984, p. 227. This book represents the viewpoint of Walid Junblat’s Druze militia. 65. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 448. 66. Ibid., p. 448. 67. The Washington Post, September 30, 1983, pp. A1 and A21. 68. The New York Times, October 26, 1983, pp. A1 and A6; Dufour, Les Vraies Guerres, p. 231. 69. The New York Times, October 25, 1983, p. A13. 70. Marius Deeb, Militant Islamic Movements in Lebanon: Origins, Social Basis, and Ideology, CCAS, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., 1986, p. 19. 71. The Washington Post, November 6, 1983, p. A24. 72. The New York Times, November 8, 1983, p. A15. 73. The Washington Post, November 7, 1983, pp. A1 and A6; The New York Times, November 17, 1983, p. A1. 74. Ibid., November 8, 1983, p. A1. 75. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 452. 76. The tenth invited member to Geneva, Raymond Edde, refused to attend on the grounds it will end neither the Israeli presence in southern Lebanon nor the Syrian mandate over Lebanon. Ibid., p. 452. 77. Ibid., p. 453. 78. George Bashir, Philip Abi `Aql, and Fawzi Mubarak, Umara’ al-Tawa’if min Geneva ila Lausanne, Fan al-Tiba`a Press, Beirut, 1984, pp. 114–116. 79. Ibid., p. 116. 80. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 455. 81. Ibid., p. 454. 82. Ibid., p. 455. 83. The Washington Post, December 5, 1983, p. A1. 238 ● Notes

84. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 457. 85. The Washington Post, January 19, 1984, p. A1. 86. Al-Mufawadat al-Lubnaniya al-Isra’iliya, p. 147. 87. The Washington Post, February 2, 1984, p. A1. 88. Ibid., February 6, 1984, p. A18. 89. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 459. 90. The New York Times, February 8, 1984, p. A1. 91. The Washington Post, February 13, 1984, p. A1. 92. Al-Mufawadat al-Lubnaniya al-Isra’iliya, pp. 161–162. 93. Karim Pakradouni, La`nat Watan: Min Harb Lubnan ila Harb al-Khalij, `Abr al-Sharq Press, Beirut, n.d., p. 74. 94. Al-Mufawadat al-Lubnaniya al-Isra’iliya, p. 166. 95. The New York Times, March 6, 1984, p. A11. 96. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 460. 97. Ibid., p. 461. 98. Bashir, Abi `Aql, and Mubarak, ‘Umara’ al-Tawa’if, p. 155. 99. Ibid., p. 180. 100. Ibid., p. 358. 101. Ibid., p. 359. 102. Ibid., p. 359. 103. Ibid., pp. 178–179. 104. Ibid., p. 162. 105. Ibid., pp. 185–187. 106. Ibid., p. 193. 107. See the full text in Ibid., pp. 192–197. 108. Ibid., p. 198. 109. Ibid., pp. 203–204. 110. The New York Times, March 29, 1984, p. 1. 111. Ibid., April 14, 1984, p. 18. 112. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 465. 113. Ibid., p. 466. 114. Monday Morning, Vol. XIII, No. 615, May 7–13, 1984, p. 42. 115. Ibid., p. 42. 116. The Washington Post, June 7, 1984, p. A36. 117. Ibid., January 15, 1985, pp. A1 and A12. 118. Al-Nahar, September 21, 1984, p. 1. 119. The Washington Post, November 28, 1984, pp. A1 and A18. 120. The Christian Science Monitor, June 18, 1984, p. 2. 121. Marius Deeb, “Saudi Arabian Policy toward Lebanon since 1975,” in Toward a Viable Lebanon, p. 182. 122. Ihdin Radio of Free and Unified Lebanon in Arabic, July 18, 1984, FBIS Daily Report: The Middle East and North Africa, Lebanon, p. G4. 123. Al-Nahar al-`Arabi wal-Duwali, No. 381, August 20–26, 1984, pp. 24–25. Notes ● 239

124. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, pp. 475–479. 125. Ibid., p. 481. 126. Al-Nahar al-`Arabi wal-Duwali, No. 370, June 4–10, 1984, p. 26. 127. In an interview with Mustafa Sa`d he hinted that Syria was behind the assassi- nation attempt. May 1988, Washington D.C. 128. Al-Nahar al-`Arabi wal-Duwali, No. 408, February 25–March 3, 1985, pp. 9–10. 129. Ibid., p. 6. 130. Ibid., No. 408, February 25–March 3, 1985, p. 6. 131. Ibid., No. 398, December 17–23, 1984, p. 20. 132. Ibid., pp. 18–19. 133. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 490. 134. The Washington Post, April 1, 1985, p. A13. 135. Beirut Domestic Service in Arabic, April 25, 1985, FBIS The Middle East and North Africa, Lebanon, April 26, 1985, pp. G4–G5. 136. The Washington Post, April 21, 1985, p. A24. 137. The New York Times, November 12, 1984, p. A15. 138. Damascus SANA in Arabic, February 13, 1985, FBIS The Middle East and North Africa, Syria, February 14, 1985, p. H1. 139. The Washington Post, February 15, 1985, p. A18. 140. Ibid., May 22, 1985, p. A18. 141. Ibid., February 12, 1985, p. A17. 142. Kuwait Al-Watan in Arabic, May 26, 1985, p. 18; FBIS The Middle East and North Africa, Syria, May 28, 1985, p. H3. 143. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 494. 144. Al-Nahar, June 12, 1985, pp. 1 and 8. 145. The Washington Post, February 11, 1985, p. A17. 146. Ibid., p. A17. 147. The New York Times, June 11, 1985, p. A12. 148. Ibid., p. A1. 149. Ibid., June 18, 1985, p. A10. 150. The Washington Post, June 19, 1985, pp. A1 and A24. 151. Ibid., June 29, 1985, p. A18. 152. Ibid., p. A18. 153. Ibid., p. A18. 154. Ibid., June 26, 1985, p. A16. 155. Ibid., p. A15. 156. The New York Times, June 26, 1985, p. A1. 157. Ibid., June 30, 1985, p. 15. 158. Ibid., July 1, 1985, p. 8. 159. Ibid., July 2, 1985, p. 8. 160. Ibid., p. 1. 161. Al-Nahar, July 8, 1985, pp. 1 and 8. 240 ● Notes

162. Ibid., July 15, 1985, p. 3. 163. Ibid., August 2, 1985, p. 3. 164. Ibid., August 9, 1985, p. 3. 165. Ibid., August 13, 1985, p. 5. 166. The New York Times, August 17, 1985, p. 3. 167. Ibid., August 18, 1985, pp. 1 and 17. 168. Al-Nahar, August 22, 1985, p. 5; Ibid., August 23, 1985, p. 3. 169. Ibid., September 1, 1985, p. 4. 170. Ibid., August 23, 1985, p. 1. 171. Ibid., September 8, 1985, p. 2. 172. Ibid., November 28, 1985, p. 173. Pakradouni, La`nat Watan, p. 92. 174. Ibid., p. 91. 175. Ibid., p. 94. 176. Ibid., pp. 97–98. 177. Al-Nahar, August 21, 1985, p. 1. 178. The Washington Post, September 25, 1985, p. A29. 179. Al-Nahar, September 26, 1985, p. 1. 180. Ibid., August 7, 1985, p. 4. 181. Ibid., September 29, 1985, pp. 1, 6, and 8. 182. Marius Deeb, Militant Islamic Movements, pp. 9–10. 183. Ibid., p. 10. 184. Al-Nahar, October 7, 1985, p. 1.

Chapter 4 From the Tripartite Agreement to the End of Gemayel’s Presidency, 1985–1988 1. Al-Nahar, February 19, 1986, p. 10. 2. The Washington Post, January 1, 1986, p. A23. 3. The New York Times, February 6, 1987, p. A6. 4. Ibid., November 8, 1985, p. A3. 5. Ibid., November 12, 1985, p. A3; Amman Television Service in Arabic, November 10, 1985, in FBIS The Middle East and North Africa, Jordan, November 12, 1985, pp. F1–F2. 6. Ibid., November 13, 1985. 7. Al-Nahar, January 4, 1986, p. 1. 8. Al-`Alaqat al-Lubnaniya al-Suriya, p. 516. 9. Pakradouni, La`nat Watan, p. 104. 10. Ibid., p. 104. 11. Al-Nahar, January 5, 1986, p. 8. 12. Ibid., p. 8. 13. Ibid., January 10, 1986, p. 4. 14. Ibid., p. 4. Notes ● 241

15. Ibid., January 15, p. 8. 16. Pakradouni, La`nat Watan, p. 106. 17. Ibid., p. 110. 18. Al-Nahar, January 16, 1986, p. 3. 19. Ibid., January 13, 1986, p. 8. 20. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph My Years as Secretary of State, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1993, p. 677. 21. Al-Nahar, March 6, 1986, p. 1. 22. Marius Deeb, Militant Islamic Movements in Lebanon: Origins, Social Basis and Ideology, pp. 6–7. 23. Al-Nahar, March 10, 1986, p. 5. 24. Gerard Michaud, “The Importance of Bodyguards,” Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP) Reports, No. 110. Vol. 12, No. 9, November– December, 1982. 25. Ibid., p. 30. 26. Al-Nahar, March 6, 1986, p. 1. 27. Ibid., p. 1. 28. Ibid., February 19, 1986, p. 10. 29. The Washington Post, May 18, 1986, p. 22. 30. Ibid., p. 22. 31. Al-Nahar, March 9, 1986, p. 8. 32. Ibid., p. 8. 33. Ibid., May 10, 1986, p. 1; ibid., May 11, 1986, p. 2. 34. Ibid., May 3, 1986, p. 1. 35. Ibid., May 4, 1986, p. 2. 36. Ibid., September 2, 1986, p. 3. 37. Ibid., September 17, 1986, p. 4. 38. The Times, October 25, 1986, p. 5. 39. Ibid., p. 5. 40. Ibid., p. 1. 41. The Syrian Foreign Minister al-Shar` stated on CNN Television that Britain would regret its actions. Three months later, on January 20, 1987, “British hostage negotiator Terry Waite was lured back to Beirut and kidnapped by Hezbollah.” Marius Deeb, “More Than Meets the Eye,” The World & I, Vol. 5, No. 7, July 1990, p. 66. 42. The Times, October 25, 1986, p. 1. 43. The Washington Post, November 11, 1986, pp. A1 and A34. 44. Le Figaro, September 8, 1986, p. 9. 45. L’Express, September 19, 1986, p. 14. 46. Ibid., p. 20. 47. Ibid., p. 14. 48. Ibid., p. 14. 49. Al-Nahar, September 13, 1986, p. 1. 242 ● Notes

50. Ibid., September 14, 1986, p. 1. 51. Ibid., September 16, 1986, pp. 1 and 12. 52. Ibid., September 18, 1986, p. 1. 53. Ibid., September 19, 1986, p. 1. 54. Ibid., September 19, 1986, p. 1. 55. Ibid., September 24, 1986, p. 8. 56. Ibid., p. 15. 57. Le Figaro, September 8, 1986, p. 9. 58. Ibid., September 21, 1986, p. 2. 59. U.S. News and World Report, November 10, 1986, p. 28. 60. Al-Nahar, May 24, 1986, p. 3. 61. Ibid., November 6, 1986, p. 8. 62. Ibid., p. 8. 63. Ibid., November 12, 1986, p. 8. 64. Ibid., September 8, 1986, pp. 1 and 8. 65. Ibid., September 8, 1986, p. 1. 66. Ibid., September 26, 1986, p. 8. 67. Ibid., May 15, 1986, p. 1. 68. Ibid., September 16, 1986, p. 1. 69. Ibid., p. 1. 70. Ibid., October 25, 1986, p. 1. 71. Ibid., p. 1. 72. Ibid., April 9, 1987, p. 6. 73. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 230. 74. Ibid., p. 231. 75. Al-Nahar, September 28, 1986, p. 5. 76. Ibid., January 8, 1987, p. 1. 77. Ibid., January 18, 1987, p. 4. 78. Ibid., January 22, 1987, p. 3. 79. Ibid., p. 3. 80. Ibid., p. 3. 81. The Washington Post, January 30, 1987, p. A30. 82. Al-Nahar, February 13, 1987, p. 5. 83. Ibid., p. 5. 84. Ibid., p. 5. 85. Ibid., February 23, 1987, p. 4. 86. Ibid., February 21, 1987, p. 1. 87. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 233. 88. Ibid., p. 234. 89. Al-Nahar, February 22, 1987, p. 1. 90. Ibid., p. 1. 91. Ibid., February 26, 1987, p. 6. 92. Ibid., p. 6. Notes ● 243

93. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 233. 94. Al-Nahar, February 26, 1987, p. 2. 95. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 187. 96. Al-Nahar, April 4, 1987, p. 1. 97. Ibid., p. 1. 98. The Washington Post, March 23, 1987, p. A18. 99. Al-Nahar, April 8, 1987, p. 1. 100. Ibid., April 2, 1987, p. 1. 101. Ibid., April 4, 1987, p. 5. 102. Ibid., April 9, 1987, p. 6. 103. Ibid., p. 6. 104. Ibid., April 15, 1987, p. 12. 105. Ibid., May 22, 1987, p. 3. 106. Ibid., p. 3. 107. Ibid., p. 3. 108. Private conversation with a former leading figure of the Organization for Communist Action. 109. Al-Nahar, May 8, 1987, p. 2. 110. Ibid., May 6, 1987, p. 3. 111. Ibid., April 6, 1987, p. 2. 112. Ibid., May 6, 1987, p. 3. 113. Prime Minister Karami was accused as early as March 24, 1986, of being “covertly working for [President] Gemayel.” Ibid., March 24, 1986, p. 3. 114. Ibid., February 17, 1987, p. 2. 115. Ibid., p. 2. 116. Ibid., May 20, 1987, p. 3. 117. Ibid., June 6, 1987, p. 4. This was communicated to the author in a conversation with Dany Chamoun, June 25, 1987, Washington D.C. 118. Al-Nahar, April 1, 1987, p. 5. 119. Ibid., p. 5. 120. Ibid., June 9, 1987, p. 1. 121. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 237. 122. Al-Nahar, June 9, 1987, p. 1. 123. Conversation with former president Amine Gemayel, May 6, 1999, Washington D.C. 124. Al-Nahar, June 9, 1987, p. 1. 125. Ibid., August 3, 1987, pp. 1 and 10. 126. Lecture attended by the author on January 15, 1987. 127. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 240. 128. Ibid., p. 240. 129. Ibid., p. 240. 130. Ibid., p. 240. 131. Ibid., p. 244. 244 ● Notes

132. The Washington Post, August 18, 1987, p. 1. 133. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 244. 134. Ibid., p. 240. 135. Ibid., p. 245. 136. Ibid., p. 245. 137. Ibid., p. 245. 138. Ibid., p. 245. 139. Ibid., pp. 244–245. 140. Al-Nahar, April 22, 1987, p. 1. 141. Ibid., p. 12. 142. Ibid., p. 12. 143. See David Jacobsen with Gerald Astor, My Life As a Hostage: The Nightmare in Beirut, S.P.I. Books, New York, 1993, pp. 122–123 and 132–133. See also Terry Waite, Taken on Trust, Harcourt Brace and Company, New York, 1993, pp. 326–327. 144. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 243. 145. Ibid., p. 243. 146. Al-Nahar, August 3, 1987, p. 1. 147. Ibid., p. 1. 148. Ibid., August 6, 1987, p. 2. 149. Ibid., October 18, 1987, p. 1. 150. I personally recall in a faculty meeting in June 1983 presided over by Malcolm Kerr, the president of the American University of Beirut (AUB), that the members of the faculty who were paid in US Dollars were asking for an increase because they were at a disadvantage with those paid in Lebanese Pounds. At that time Israel was still in the southern half of Lebanon and had not withdrawn its troops yet. 151. Al-Nahar, October 18, 1987, p. 1. 152. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 246. 153. Ibid., p. 246. 154. Ibid., p. 247. 155. Ibid., p. 247. 156. Ibid., p. 247. 157. Al-Nahar, October 4, 1987, p. 8. 158. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 248. 159. Bouhabib, Al-Daw’ al-Asfar, p. 144. 160. Ibid., p. 332. 161. Ibid., p. 330. 162. Ibid., p. 330. 163. Al-Nahar, November 27, 1987, p. 10. 164. Ibid., p. 5. 165. Ibid., p. 10. 166. Even scholars have missed this important connection. See for instance Magnus Ranstorp, Hizb’allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, Notes ● 245

St. Martin’s Press, New York, 1997, where he describes the abduction of both Charles Glass and William Higgins as “isolated abduction” and “isolated incident;” pp. 100–101. 167. Al-Nahar, April 8, 1988, p. 1. 168. Ibid., p. 4. 169. The New York Times, May 21, 1988, p. 2. 170. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 244. 171. The New York Times, May 21, 1988, p. 2. 172. Ibid., p. 2. 173. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, p. 258. 174. Bouhabib, Al-Daw’ al-Asfar, pp. 152 and 154. Hubayqa remained loyal to Syria until the end of the 1990s. After that he became suspect because he knew too much about Syria’s terrorism. On January 24, 2002, a car bomb exploded close to Hubayqa’s residence killing him and three of his bodyguards. 175. Ibid., pp. 154–155. 176. Ibid., pp. 155–156. 177. Al-Nahar, September 19, 1988, p. 3. 178. Salem, Violence and Diplomacy in Lebanon, pp. 264–265. 179. Al-Nahar, September 19, 1988, p. 1. 180. Ibid., September 22, 1988, p. 4. 181. Ibid., September 19, 1988, p. 1. 182. Ibid., p. 10. 183. Ibid., September 24, 1988, p. 10. 184. Ibid., September 14, 1988, p. 2. 185. Ibid., September 22, 1988, p. 3. 186. Ibid., September 23, 1988, pp. 1 and 9. 187. Ibid., September 23, 1988, p. 4. 188. Ibid., September 24, 1988, p. 10. 189. “The Mufti Sheikh Hasan Khalid sent a special emissary to see Ambassador Kelly and tell him that the position of the Sunnis, including the position of Salim Hoss, on power sharing is that of President Amine Gemayel.” A Memorandum written by Dr. Elie Salem, concerning a meeting with U.S. Ambassador John Kelly on March 12, 1988.

Chapter 5 From Pan-Am 103 to the Ousting of Prime Minister Michel `Awn, 1988–1990 1. Al-Nahar, December 15, 1988, p. 10. 2. Ibid., November 13, 1988, p. 22. 3. Ibid., p. 22. 4. The New York Times, December 17, 1988, p. 1. 5. Ibid., p. 6. 6. Donald Goddard with Lester K. Coleman, Trail of the Octopus: From Beirut to Lockerbie—Inside the DIA, Bloomsbury, London, 1993, p. 83. 246 ● Notes

7. Ibid., pp. 143 and 236. 8. The Washington Post, December 23, 1988, p. A6. 9. Ibid., p. A6. 10. Ibid., p. A8. 11. Goddard and Colemen, Trail of the Octopus, pp. 145–146. 12. The New York Times, November 15, 1988, p. 6. 13. See the statement issued two days earlier by the Syrian-controlled al-Sa`iqa organ- ization. Al-Quds Palestinian Arab Radio (clandestine)in Arabic, December 15, 1988, in FBIS Near East and South Asia Daily Report, December 16, 1988, p. 10. 14. The Washington Post, June 1, 1989, p. C19. 15. Ibid., p. C19. 16. Al-Nahar, December 31, 1988, p. 2. 17. Bouhabib, Al-Daw’ al-Asfar, p. 187. 18. Carole Dagher, Les Paris Du General, FMA, Beirut, 1992, p. 123. 19. Karim Pakradouni, Le Piege: De la Malediction Libanaise a la Guere du Golfe, Bernard Grasset, Paris, 1991, p. 232. 20. Al-Nahar, February 2, 1989, p. 10. 21. Ibid., February 24, 1989, p. 4. 22. Voice of the People (Clandestine) in Arabic, March 7, 1989, in FBIS Near East and South Asia Daily Report, Lebanon, March 8, 1989, p. 34. 23. Beirut Voice of Lebanon in Arabic, March 6, 1989, in FBIS Near East and South Asia Daily Report, Lebanon, March 7, 1989, p. 34.; Radio Free Lebanon (Clandestine) in Arabic March 7, 1989, in FBIS Near East and South Asia, Lebanon, March 7, 1989, p. 34. 24. Dagher, Les Paris Du General, p. 133. 25. The New York Times, March 15, 1989, p. A3. 26. Pakradouni, Le Piege, pp. 233–234. 27. The Washington Post, April 12, 1989, p. A20. 28. Ibid., April 3, 1989, p. A25. 29. Ibid., April 12, 1989, p. A20. 30. Ibid., April 2, 1989, p. C4. 31. The New York Times, May 17, 1989, pp. A1 and A10; William Harris, Faces of Lebanon, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, New Jersey, 1997, pp. 336–337. 32. The Washington Post, April 12, 1989, p. A20. 33. Ibid., March 24, 1989, p. A19. 34. Ibid., May 29, 1989, p. E3. 35. Dagher, Les Paris Du General, p. 136. 36. Pakradouni, Le Piege, p. 240. 37. The Washington Post, April 2, 1989, p. C1. 38. Ibid., April 16, 1989, p. A31. 39. Ibid., p. A31. 40. Ibid., p. A31. Notes ● 247

41. Ibid., April 3, 1989, p. A31. 42. The New York Times, April 2, 1989, p. 18. 43. Ibid., p. 18. 44. Ibid., p. 18. 45. Pakradouni, Le Piege, p. 240. 46. Ibid., p. 241. 47. Quoted in The Washington Post, April 6, 1989, p. A27. 48. Ibid., May 14, 1989, p. A32. 49. Pakradouni, La`nat Watan, p. 203. 50. Ibid., p. 203. 51. Ibid., p. 204. 52. Ibid., p. 204. 53. Idem, Le Piege, p. 243. 54. Al-Nahar, August 1, 1989, p. 1. 55. The Washington Post, July 29, 1989, p. A1. 56. The New York Times, August 3, 1989, p. A8. 57. The Washington Post, August 1, 1989, p. A17. 58. Ibid., August 2, 1989, p. A18. 59. The New York Times, August 4, 1989, p. A6. 60. Ibid., p. 1. 61. Ibid., p. 1. 62. The Washington Post, August 16, 1989, p. A1. 63. Pakradouni, Le Piege, p. 244; Harris, Faces of Lebanon, p. 258. 64. The New York Times, August 16, 1989, p. A10. 65. Ibid., p. A10. 66. Harris, Faces of Lebanon, p. 259. 67. The Washington Post, August 17, 1989, p. A30. 68. Ibid., p. A30. 69. Ibid., p. A30. 70. Ibid., p. A30. 71. Le Monde, April 25, 1989, p. 2. 72. Ibid., p. 2. 73. Ibid., March 31, 1989, p. 1. 74. Leotard was quoted by Youssef M. Ibrahim in his article entitled “The ‘Special Relationship’: A French Presence in Lebanon, a Lebanese Presence in ,” The New York Times, September 3, 1989, p. E3. 75. The Washington Post, April 14, 1989, p. A22. 76. The New York Times, September 3, 1989, p. E3. 77. Ibid., August 21, 1989, p. A8. 78. Ibid., p. A8. 79. Ibid., September 3, 1989, p. E3. 80. Quoted by Ihsan Hijazi in The New York Times, August 21, 1989, p. A8. 81. Al-Anwar, September 11, 1989, p. 3. 248 ● Notes

82. Ibid., p. 3. 83. Ibid., p. 3. 84. Pakradouni, La`nat Watan, p. 206. 85. The Washington Post, September 10, 1989, p. C7. 86. The New York Times, September 7, 1989, pp. A1 and A11. 87. Pakradouni, Le Piege, p. 245. 88. Paris Liberation in French, September 12, 1989, pp. 26–27. FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, September 20, 1989, Lebanon, p. 46. 89. Ibid., p. 46. 90. Pakradouni, La`nat Watan, p. 206. 91. Dagher, Les Paris Du General, p. 144. On September 19, 1989, a DC-10 air- liner belonging to the French airline UTA blew up over Niger, killing all 171 passengers. Islamic Jihad, that is, Hizballah, claimed the operation, and issued a statement warning the French not to exchange information with the Israelis about the abducted Shaykh `Abd al-Karim `Ubayd. “. . . otherwise we will refresh the memories of the bombings in Paris of ’85 and ’86.” The Washington Post, September 21, 1989, p. A1. 92. Beirut Voice of Lebanon in Arabic, September 22, 1989, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, September 25, Lebanon, 1989, p. 39. 93. Beirut Voice of Lebanon in Arabic, September 27, 1989, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, September 28, 1989, Lebanon, p. 35. 94. Dagher, Les Paris Du General, p. 137. 95. Harris, Faces of Lebanon, p. 246. 96. Nazim al-Qadiri, the Sunni Muslim deputy of the Western Biqa` region, who expressed his anti-Syrian views openly, was assassinated on September 21, 1989. The New York Times, September 22, 1989, p. A7. 97. (Clandestine) Voice of the Oppressed in Arabic to Lebanon, October 25, 1989, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, October 25, 1989, Lebanon, p. 41. 98. Beirut Voice of National Resistance in Arabic, October 20, 1989, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, October 23, 1989, Lebanon, p. 44. Since the publication in the late 1970s of Al-Maruniya al-Siyasiya: Sira Thatiya (Markaz Al-Safir lil-Ma`lumat, Beirut, n.d.) both leftists and Islamists have engaged in tirades against the Maronite community and their leaders accusing them of the so-called political Maronism. The term implies that the Maronite leaders have a tendency to act independently and to think of the Christians of Lebanon as having a separate identity that rejects both Pan-Arabism and the Dhimmiya status that other Christians in the Middle East have accepted. 99. The Beirut Review, Vol. I, No. 1, Spring 1991, p. 135. 100. Ibid., pp. 135–136. 101. Ibid., p. 138. 102. Ibid., p. 138. 103. (Clandestine) Radio Free Lebanon in Arabic, October 20, 1989, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, October 23, 1989, International Affairs, p. 1; Notes ● 249

Beirut Domestic Service in Arabic, October 22, 1989, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, October 23, 1989, International Affairs, p. 4. 104. News conference held by Prime Minister General Michel `Awn, October 22, 1989, Radio Free Lebanon in Arabic, October 22, 1989, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, October 25, 1989, Lebanon, p. 33. 105. Ibid., p. 34. 106. Decree No. 420, dissolving the Chamber of deputies read by Prime Minister General Michel `Awn in Ba`abda on November 4, 1989, Beirut Voice of Lebanon in Arabic, November 4, 1989, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, November 6, 1989, Lebanon, p. 43. 107. Ibid., p. 43. 108. Beirut Domestic Service in Arabic, November 5, 1989, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, November 6, 1989, Lebanon, p. 52. 109. Radio Free Lebanon (clandestine) in Arabic, November 5, 1989, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, Lebanon, November 6, 1989, p. 50. 110. Ibid., p. 50. 111. Pakradouni, Le Piege, pp. 46–47. 112. Ibid., p. 47. 113. Ibid., pp. 48–49. 114. Dagher, Les Paris Du General, p. 161. 115. Ibid., p. 162. 116. Harris, Faces of Lebanon, p. 338. 117. Dagher, Les Paris Du General, p. 163. 118. Pakradouni, La`nat Watan, p. 21. 119. Ibid., p. 21. 120. Ibid., p. 21. 121. Ibid., p. 21. 122. Ibid., p. 34. 123. Ibid., p. 219. 124. Ibid., p. 217. 125. Ibid., p. 220. As `Awn had predicted Ja`ja` had to disarm the after he had accepted al-Ta’if Accord. On February 27, 1994, the Syrians bombed a church in Zuq Mikha’il killing nine and wounding fifty-five wor- shippers. Syria accused the implausible other Israel as well as Ja`ja`. The latter was arrested on April 21, 1994, and he has been incarcerated ever since. 126. Dagher, Les Paris du General, pp. 224 and 228–229. 127. Ibid., p. 259. 128. The Washington Post, September 13, 1990, p. A32. 129. Al-Nahar, September 6, 1990, p. 1. 130. Ibid., October 3, 1990, p. 3. 131. Ibid., October 11, 1990, p. 2. 132. Dagher, Les Paris du General, p. 315. 133. Ibid., p. 326. 134. Al-Nahar, October 20, 1990, p. 2. 250 ● Notes

135. Ibid., October 22, 1990, p. 4. 136. Ibid., September 3, 1989, p. 1. 137. Ibid., October 18, 1990, p. 2. 138. Ibid., November 6, 1990, p. 8. 139. Shararah, Dawlat Hizballah, p. 378. 140. Al-Nahar, September 26, 1990, p. 8. 141. The New York Times, October 10, 1990, p. A8. 142. Goddard and Coleman, The Trail of the Octopus, p. 184. 143. The New York Times, November 15, 1991, p. A1. 144. Ibid., p. A1. 145. Goddard and Coleman, The Trail of the Octopus, p. 184. 146. Al-Nahar, May 28, 1991, pp. 1 and 9.

Chapter 6 The Syrian–Israeli Peace Negotiations: An Exercise in Futility, 1991–2000 1. The New York Times, December 23, 1991, p. A3. 2. Ibid., October 21, 1991, p. A8; Ibid., October 30, 1991, p. A10; Ibid., November 2, 1991, p. 6. 3. Ibid., December 9, 1991, p. A11. 4. Ibid., February 17, 1992, pp. A1 and A9. 5. Marius Deeb, Militant Islamic Movements in Lebanon: Origins, Social Basis and Ideology, p. 19. 6. The New York Times, February 20, 1992, p. A8. 7. Ibid., February 21, 1992, pp. A1 and A10. 8. Ibid., March 18, 1992, p. A10; Ibid., March 23, 1992, p. A8. 9. The Jerusalem Post, May 31, 1994, p.1. 10. The New York Times, May 28, 1992, p. A10. 11. The Beirut Review, No. 4, Fall 1992, p. 229. 12. Itamar Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace: The Israeli–Syrian Negotiations, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1998, p. 56. 13. Ibid., p. 61. 14. Ibid., p. 61. 15. The New York Times, October 27, 1992, p. A8; Ibid., November 11, 1992, p. A7. 16. Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace, p. 93. 17. Ibid., p. 97. 18. Ibid., p. 97. 19. The Beirut Review, No. 6, Fall 1993, pp. 221–222. 20. The New York Times, July 26, 1993, pp. A1 and A6. 21. Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace, p. 105. 22. Ibid., p. 104. 23. Ibid., p. 105. Notes ● 251

24. Ibid., p. 106. 25. Ibid., p. 106. 26. The New York Times, August 20, 1993, pp. A1 and A8. 27. Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace, pp. 109–110. 28. Ibid., p. 112. 29. The New York Times, September 11, 1993, p. 1. 30. Ibid., p. 1. 31. Al-Hayat, January 13, 1994, p. 3. The text of the article is in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, January 14, 1994, Lebanon, pp. 41–42. 32. The Beirut Review, No. 8, Fall 1994, p. 254. 33. Damascus Syrian Arab Republic Radio Network in Arabic, January 29, 1994, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, January 31, 1994, Syria, p. 37. 34. Al-Shira`, January 24, 1994, pp. 4–6. FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, January 27, 1994, Syria, p. 34. 35. Damascus Syrian Arab Republic Radio Network in Arabic, January 3, 1994, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, January 5, 1994, Syria, pp. 43–44. 36. Jerusalem New Channel 2 Television Network in Hebrew, February 7, 1994, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, February 8, 1994, Israel, p. 26. 37. Jerusalem Qol Yisra’el in Hebrew, February 8, 1994 in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, February 8, 1994, Israel, p. 27. 38. Al-Quds Palestinian Arab Radio in Arabic, July 2, 1994, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, July 5, 1994, International Affairs, p. 20; Damascus Syrian Arab Television Network in Arabic, July 1, 1994, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, July 5, 1994, p. 70. 39. Paris AFP in English, July 4, 1994, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, July 6, 1994, Lebanon, p. 56; Jerusalem Qol Yisra’el in Hebrew, July 7, 1994, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, July 7, 1994, Lebanon, p. 64. 40. Damascus Syrian Arab Republic Radio Network in Arabic, June 5, 1994, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, June 9, 1994, Syria, p. 52. 41. Al-Shira`, May 30, 1994, p. 15. 42. Beirut Radio Lebanon in Arabic, May 28, 1994, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, May 31, 1994, Lebanon, p. 77. 43. Paris AFP in English, June 2, 1994, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, June 3, 1994, Lebanon, p. 47. 44. The New York Times, July 19, 1994, p. A3. 45. Damascus Syrian Arab Republic Radio Network in Arabic, July 27, 1994, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, July 28, 1994, Syria, p. 44. 46. Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace, p. 229. 47. Ibid., passim. 48. Ibid., p. 145. 49. Ibid., pp. 138–139. 50. The Beirut Review, No. 8, Fall 1994, p. 258. 252 ● Notes

51. Ibid., p. 256. 52. Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace, p. 173. 53. Ibid., p. 169. 54. Ibid., p. 170. 55. Ibid., p. 185. 56. Telephone interview with Fathi Shaqaqi by Yusuf Dakkash, Paris Radio Monte Carlo in Arabic, January 24, 1995, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, January 25, 1995, International Affairs, p. 9. 57. Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace, p. 186. 58. Jerusalem Qol Yisra’el in Hebrew, July 9, 1995, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, July 10, 1995, Israel, p. 66. 59. Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace, p. 187. 60. Interview with Deputy Foreign Minister Yossi Beilin by Baudouin Loos, Brussels Le Soir in French, July 13, 1995, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, July 17, 1995, Israel, p. 47. 61. Interview with Asad by Ibrahim Nafi` Al-Ahram, October 11, 1995, Damascus Syrian Arab Republic Radio Network in Arabic, October 11, 1995. FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, October 12, 1995, Syria, p. 53. 62. Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace, p. 204. 63. Jerusalem Channel 2 Television Network in Hebrew, December 24, 1995. FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, December 26, 1995, International Affairs, p. 19. 64. Interview with Economy and Planning Minister Yosi Beilin by Shlomo Ganor, Jerusalem Israel Television Channel 1 Network in Arabic, December 29, 1995. FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, January 2, 1996, Israel, p. 44. 65. Report on interview with Uri Savir, Jerusalem Israel Television Channel 1 Network in Hebrew, December 29, 1995. FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, January 2, 1996, International Affairs, p. 15. 66. Ha’aretz, January 7, 1996, quoted by Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace, p. 210. 67. Interview with Prime Minister Shimon Peres by Dan Shilon, Jerusalem Channel 2 Television Network in Hebrew, January 1, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, January 2, 1996, Israel, pp. 39–40. 68. Jerusalem Israel Television Channel 2 Network in Hebrew, January 4, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, January 5, 1996, International Affairs, p. 10. 69. Tel Aviv, Ma’ariv in Hebrew, January 11, 1996, p. 10. FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, January 11, 1996, International Affairs, p. 13. 70. Ibid., p. 13. 71. Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace, p. 217. 72. Ibid., p. 218. 73. Ibid., p. 221. 74. Ibid., p. 221. Notes ● 253

75. Jerusalem Qol Yisra’el in Hebrew, January 31, 1996. FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, February 1, 1996, Israel, p. 26. 76. Kfar Killa Voice of the South in Arabic, January 30, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, January 30, 1996, Lebanon, p. 34. 77. Ibid., p. 34. 78. Damascus Syria Times in English, February 28, 1996, p. 5. FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, February 29, 1996, Syria, p. 46. 79. Damascus Syrian Arab Republic Radio Network in Arabic, February 26, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, February 26, 1996, Syria, p. 62. 80. Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace, p. 228. 81. Jerusalem Qol Yisra’el in Hebrew, March 3, 1996, FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, March 4, 1996, Israel, p. 45. 82. Ha’aretz in Hebrew, March 4, 1996, FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, Israel, March 4, 1996, pp. 59–60. 83. Jerusalem Israel Television Channel 1 Network in Hebrew, March 4, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, March 4, 1996, Israel, p. 64. 84. Tel Aviv IDF Radio in Hebrew, March 5, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, March 6, 1996, Israel, pp. 49–50. 85. Ibid., p. 50. 86. Ibid., p. 50. 87. Rabinovich, The Brink of Peace, p. 104. 88. Interview with Prime Minister Shimon Peres by David Makovsky, The Jerusalem Post, April 9, 1996, p. 7. 89. Damascus Syrian Arab Republic Radio in Arabic, April 10, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 10, 1996, Syria, p. 32. 90. The Jerusalem Post, April 9, 1996, p. 7. 91. Waddah Shararah, Dawlat Hizballah, p. 365. 92. Jerusalem Qol Yisra’el in Hebrew, April 8, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 9, 1996, Israel, p. 18; Ba`albak Voice of the Oppressed in Arabic, April 9, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 9, 1996, Lebanon, pp. 28–29. 93. Ibid., p. 29. 94. Tel Aviv Ha’aretz in Hebrew, April 8, 1996, pp. A1 and A10. FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 8, 1996, Israel, p. 32. 95. Interview with Israeli Foreign Minister Ehud Barak by Yisra’el Segal, Jerusalem Israel Television Channel 1 Network in Hebrew, April 12, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 15, 1996, Israel, p. 16. 96. Jerusalem Qol Yisra’el in English, April 13, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 15, 1996, Israel, p. 19. 97. Ibid., p. 19. 98. Interview with Ehud Barak by Ehud Ya’ari, Jerusalem Israel Television Channel 1 Network in Hebrew, April 12, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 15, 1996, Israel, p. 17. 254 ● Notes

99. Interview with Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres, Jerusalem Channel 2 Television Network in Hebrew, April 15, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 16, 1996, Israel, p. 35. 100. Political announcement by Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres at an extra- ordinary session of the Knesset on Operation Grapes of Wrath. Jerusalem Qol Yisra’el in Hebrew, April 22, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 22, 1996, Israel, p. 35. 101. Beirut Voice of Lebanon in Arabic, April 18, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 19, 1996, Lebanon, pp. 29–30. 102. Kfar Killa Voice of the South in Arabic, April 22, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 22, 1996, Lebanon, p. 73. 103. Media briefing by Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres, Jerusalem Channel 2 Television Network in Hebrew, April 18, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 19, 1996, Israel, p. 19. 104. Commentary by Yusuf Maqdisi, Damascus Syrian Arab Television Network in Arabic, April 26, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 29, 1996, Syria, pp. 72–73. 105. Damascus Syrian Arab Television Network in Arabic, April 17, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 18, 1996, International Affairs, p. 4. 106. Ibid., p. 4. 107. The journalist prefers to remain unnamed. 108. Tel Aviv IDF Radio in Hebrew, April 20, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 22, 1996, Israel, p. 30. 109. Damascus Syrian Arab Republic Radio Network in Arabic, April 24, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 25, Syria, p. 41; Damascus Syrian Arab Television Network in Arabic, April 25, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 26, 1996, Syria, p. 32; Damascus Syrian Arab Republic Radio Network in Arabic, April 26, 1996, in FBIS Daily Report: Near East and South Asia, April 29, 1996, Syria, p. 71. 110. This view was widely shared by Arab intellectuals and pundits who welcomed the defeat of Peres. See Fouad Ajami, The Dream Palace of the Arabs: A Generation’s Odyssey, Pantheon Books, New York, 1998, pp. 277–278. 111. Thomas L. Friedman, “Now That’s Interesting,” The New York Times, November 6, 1996, p. A27. 112. Ibid., p. A27. 113. Ibid., March 25, 1997, p. A25. 114. Ibid., p. A25. 115. Ibid., September 1, 1997, p. A15. 116. Ibid., March 25, 1997, p. A25. 117. Ibid., October 11, 2001, p. B3. 118. Al-Nahar, December 21, 2001, p. 1. 119. Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. XXVI, No. 2, Winter 1997, pp. 83–84. Notes ● 255

120. Ibid., p. 81. 121. Al-Hayat, March 24, 1998, p. 6. 122. Ibid., p. 6. 123. Al-Safir, January 12, 2000, p. 1. 124. The New York Times, December 17, 1999, p. A21. 125. Ibid., January 5, 2000, p. A10. 126. Ibid., January 11, 2000, p. A1. 127. Ibid., p. A1. 128. The Times, January 10, 2000, p. 13. 129. The Guardian, January 10, 2000, p. 11. 130. The Times, January 10, 2000, p. 14. 131. Al-Nahar, January 13, 2000, p. 1. 132. Ibid., p. 1. 133. The Jerusalem Post, January 20, 2000, p. 1. 134. Al-Safir, January 15, 2000, p. 1. 135. The Guardian, January 18, 2000, p. 11. 136. Al-Safir, January 15, 2000, p. 1. 137. The Times, January 18, 2000, p. 13. 138. Al-Safir, January 15, 2000, p. 1. 139. The New York Times, January 31, 2000, p. A10. 140. Ibid., February 8, 2000, p. A1. 141. Warren Christopher, In the Stream of History: Shaping Foreign Policy for a New Era, Stanford, California, 1998, p. 192. 142. Ibid., p. 192.

Chapter 7 Epilogue 1. See John Kifner, “U.N. Criticizes Lack of Help by Lebanon,” The New York Times, August 13, 2000, p. 7. 2. Al-Nahar, December 3, 2001, p. 3. 3. The New York Times, August 13, 2000, p. 7. 4. Ibid., August 10, 2000, p. A6. 5. Ibid., August 13, 2000, p. 7. 6. Al-Nahar, September 21, 2000, p. 1. 7. Ibid., p. 1. 8. Ibid., August 10, 2000, p. 1. 9. Ibid., p. 1. 10. Ibid., p. 1. 11. Ibid., December 30, 2000, p.1. 12. Ibid., December 3, 2001, p. 3. 13. Al-Ba`th, July 21, 2000, p. 1. 14. Ibid., p. 1. 15. L’Orient-Le Jour, March 1, 2001, p. 3. 256 ● Notes

16. Al-Nahar, October 8, 2000, p. 1. 17. Al-Safir, October 12, 2000, p. 1. 18. Al-Nahar, October 10, 2000, p. 3. 19. Ibid., p. 3. Albert Mukhayber uses the word Jizya (the head tax on non-Muslims under Muslim rule) instead of the word Daribah that simply means tax, to imply that Lebanon has been singled out because of its large number of Christians. 20. Ibid., October 16, 2000, p. 1. 21. Al-Nahar, April 20, 2001, p. 1. 22. Ibid., June 30, 2001, p. 1. 23. The Jerusalem Post, July 2, 2001, p. 1. 24. The New York Times, March 22, 2002, p. A12. 25. Ibid., September 27, 2002, p. A13. 26. Ibid., December 1, 2000, p. A31. 27. This characteristic of the Lebanese Christians has been missed by the latter-day post-orientalist Western scholars on the Middle East as well as pundits and policy-makers, because they lack an understanding of Middle Eastern realities in a profound manner. This is in direct contrast, for instance, to the eminent scholar on the history of the Middle East, Professor Bernard Lewis, who depicted Lebanon as “not a new creation, but indeed a deeply historic entity...the only surviving centre of cultural and religious pluralism and of economic and politi- cal freedom within the Arab world.” Bernard Lewis, The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years, Scribner, New York, 1995, p. 347. 28. Al-Nahar, June 7, 2000, p. 1. 29. Ibid., June 8, 2000, p. 1. 30. Ibid., November 21, 2000, p. 1. 31. Ibid., October 18, 2002, p. 1. 32. Ibid., January 15, 2001, p. 3. 33. Ibid., September 5, 2001, p. 4. 34. Ibid., September 21, 2000, p. 1. 35. See the interview with Patriarch Sfair by Chantal Rayes in the Liberation, November 30, 2000, pp. 1 and 3. 36. Al-Nahar, September 21, 2000, p. 1. 37. Ibid., October 17, 2000, p. 1. 38. Ibid., p. 3. 39. Nora Boustany, “Diplomatic Dispatches: Lunch with the Patriarch,” The Washington Post, March 9, 2001, p. A21. 40. Briefing for the Press Aboard Aircraft En Route Brussels, February 26, 2001, p. 1. 41. The New York Times, September 12, 2001, p. A1. 42. Al-Nahar, September 14, 2001, p. 5. 43. Ibid., p. 5. 44. Ibid., September 17, 2001, p. 5. 45. Ibid., September 15, 2001, p. 4. Notes ● 257

46. Ibid., September 22, 2001, p. 4. 47. The New York Times, October 11, 2001, p. B3. 48. Ibid., January 17, 2002, p. A15. 49. Rohan Gunaratna, Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror, Columbia University Press, New York, 2002, p. 147. 50. Ibid., p. 148. 51. The Washington Post, June 30, 2002, p. A20. 52. Ibid., August 28, 2002, p. A18. 53. Ibid., February 17, 2001, p. A24. 54. Ibid., February 13, 2002, p. A24. 55. The New York Times, September 21, 2001, p. 1. 56. Ibid., September 29, 2001, p. 1. 57. Haaretz English Edition November 12, 2002. www.haaretzdaily.com 58. The New York Times, September 10, 2002, p. A15. 59. Ibid., pp. A1 and A15. Bibliography

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al-`Abbasiya, 214 American University of Beirut (AUB), 88, `Abdallah, Saudi Crown prince, 206 95, 110, 144, 244(n150) `Abdallah, George Ibrahim, 125–7 al-Amin, Ibrahim, 82, 110–11 `Abd-Rabbuh, Yasir, 154 Anderson, Jack, 15, 159 Abduh, Johnny, 54, 73 `Aql, Hashim, 210 Abu Hafs (Mahfuz Ould Walid), 221 `Aqura, 49 Abu Iyad (Salah Khalaf), 51, 125 Arab Democratic Party, 80, 114 Abu-Nader, Nazih, 214 Arab Deterrent Force (ADF), 27, 29, 36, 41, Abu Nidal (Sabri al-Banna), 2, 70–1, 117, 43–5, 47–8, 51–2, 58, 61, 64–5, 75, 128, 140, 234(n168) 78, 80–1, 101, 103 Abu Shakir, 100 Arab Front in Support of the Palestinian al-`Adel, Sauf, 221 Revolution (AFSPR), 20 Adma Airbase, 136 Arab League, 11, 18–19, 21–4, 26–7, `Adwan, George, 99 29–30, 45, 64, 89, 109–10, 124, 156, `Aflaq, Michel, 56 162, 167, 169, 204 Agnelli, Susana, 204 Arab League Committee, 157, 167 al-Ahdab, `Aziz, 16–17 Arab Security Force, 21, 23–4, 27, 29 al-Ahram, 196 Arab Summits `Ain al-Rummaneh, 9, 175 Algiers, 146 Air Malta 180, 156 Amman, 56–7, 146 Ajami, Fouad, 231(n67) Casablanca, 162 `Akkar, 20, 127 Fez, 78 `Akkawi, Khalil, 121 Rabat, 37 Ala, Rene, 158, 178 Riyad, 29–31, 44–5, 61, 65 `Alawi, 2, 3, 5, 41, 50, 55, 70, 121, 170, Tunis, 51–2 195, 198, 215 Arad, Ron, 191 `Alay, 73, 82, 85, 87–90, 94, 98, 104 `Arafat, Yasir, 9, 12–13, 18, 22–4, 26–7, 29, Artillery School, 50 39, 46, 48, 50, 52, 77, 83, 86–90, Algeria, 22, 34, 107, 163 92–3, 107–8, 110, 117–18, 129, 135, Algiers, 116, 135 154–6, 161, 175, 189–92, 215, Amal (Afwaj al-Muqawamah al-Lubnaniya), 236(n32) 52, 54, 80–1, 100–1, 107–9, 112, 118, `Aramun Summit, 12 129–30, 132, 134–5, 145–6, 149–50, Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association, 191–2 157, 159, 177–9, 218 Argov, Shlomo, 71 Index ● 277

Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of West Beirut, 52, 61, 66–8, 73, 77, 89, Armenia (ASALA), 125 96–7, 100, 102, 108, 112, 115, al-`Arqub, 6 129–32, 134, 148, 157–8, 173 Arsalan, Majid, 226(n70) Beirut International Airport, 110, 112 Asad, Bashshar, 73, 215–17 Beirut Port, 13, 157 Asad, Hafiz, passim Beit Lid, 196 Asad, Rif`at, 70 Beit Mery, 73 al-As`ad, Kamil, 24, 218, 226(n70) Ben-Eliezer, Binyamin, 217 Ashqelon, 199 Ben Jadid, al-Shadili, 162–3 al-Ashrafiya, 44 Berlin Wall, 170 Aslan, `Ali, 195 Bikfaya, 106, 113 Athens, 110 Bin Laden, Usama, 220 `Atlit, 110 Biqa` Valley, 49, 51, 71–3, 82–3, 144, 163, `Atway, `Ali, 220 184, 187, 202, 206, 217 al-Awali River, 103, 106 Bint Jubail, 214 `Awkar, U.S. Embassy Annex, 102, 168 Bi’r al-`Abid, 133 `Awn, Michel, 8, 106, 137, 148–51, 153, Birri, Nabih, 54, 81, 87, 93, 97, 101, 103–13, 156–61, 163–80, 202, 249(n125) 118, 124, 129–30, 132, 148, 170, 177 al-Awza`i, 157 al-Bitar, Salah al-Din, 56 `Aziz, Tariq, 161 Bizri, Nazih, 107 Azulay-Katz, Orly, 207 Blair House, 208 `Azzam, Roger, 8 Borchgrave, Arnaud de, 7 Boucher, Richard, 180 Ba`abda, 44, 63, 73, 90, 144, 161, 164, 169, Bouhabib, `Abdallah, 143–4, 147 173, 177–8 Boustany, Nora, 158 Ba`albak, 82, 113, 187, 191, 210 Bra`shit, 201 Bab al-Tabbaneh, 66, 80 Brown, L. Dean, 17 al-Baddawi Camp, 93 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 33 Baghdad, 32, 45 Buckley, William, 102 Baker, James, 159, 164, 176–9 Buenos Aires, Israeli Embassy in, 184, 192 al-Bakr, Ahmad Hasan, 45 Burj al-Barajnah, 102, 135 Ba`l Muhsin, 113 Bush, George, 85, 156, 158–61, 164, 176, Barak, Ehud, 195, 201–2, 208–10, 213 178–80 Barghuti, Marwan, 221 Bush, George W., 219–21 Barsimantov, Yaacov, 126 Butros, Fu’ad, 65, 78 Basta-Fathallah, 131, 133 Byblos, 49 Basus, 178 Batatu, Hanna, 5 Cairo, 27, 117 al-Ba`th, 44, 59, 78, 192, 199 (November 3, 1969), 6, al-Batrun, 172 22–4, 31, 37, 40, 134–5 Bayt al-Din, 44, 63 Camp David Accords, 43–5, 50, 74, 78, 80 al-Bayyadah, 210 Carlton Hotel (Beirut), 155–6 Begin, Menahim, 48, 71–2, 87 Carter, Jimmy, 30–3, 37, 42–3, 134 Beilin, Yossi, 196–7, 209 Cenacle Libanais, Le, 1 Beirut, passim Central Criminal Court (London), 125 East Beirut, 42–4, 55–6, 60–1, 67–9, 79, Chamber of Deputies, 17, 22, 40, 46, 58, 83, 102, 112, 130, 139, 148, 157, 60, 87, 132, 135, 167, 169–72, 177, 163, 172, 175 180, 236(n49) 278 ● Index

Chamoun, Camille, 11–14, 18, 21, 23, 40, Djerejian, Edward, 177, 186 43, 46–7, 49, 51, 53, 55, 58–60, 68, Dodge, David, 87–8 81, 86, 90, 98–9, 101, 119, 124, 127, Draper, Morris, 86 130–3, 137, 141–2 Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 155 Chamoun, Dany, 55, 119, 131, 137, 178 Dumas, Roland, 169 Champ-Elysees, 125–6 Chatelet, 125 Eagelton, Jr., William L., 125, 140, 142 Cheysson, Claude, 66 Edde, Michel, 147 Chirac, Jacques, 126–7, 134, 218 Edde, Raymond, 18, 20, 22, 43, 148, Christian-Muslim Consensus, 3, 65–9, 75 237(n76) Christopher, Warren, 187–9, 193, 198, Egypt, 2, 11, 22, 26–30, 34–5, 43, 45, 204–5, 211 49–50, 61, 162, 185, 203 Cicipio, James, 164 Eight Points Proposal, 143 Clinton, William Jefferson, 186, 190–4, Eitan, Rafael, 69 199, 208–11 El-Al Airlines, 117, 123–5, 128–9 CNN Television Network, 207, 241(n41) Committee of Solidarity with Arab and Fadlallah, Muhammad Husain, 112, 133, Middle Eastern Prisoners, 125 184, 191, 220 Consociational Democracy, 1 Fahd, King, 21, 103, 107, 162–3 Constitutional Document (al-Wathiqa Fahimah, al-Amin Khalifa, 179 al-Dusturiya), 15, 21, 29, 100 al-Faisal, Sa`ud, 171 Council of Ministers (Cabinet), 89, 96, 98, Fath-Revolutionary Council (Abu Nidal), 2, 103–4, 171 117, 128 Cyprus, 155, 235(n186) Fath-Uprising (Abu Musa), 93, 154 Fattal, Antoine, 85 Dagher, Carole, 169 Fayyadiya, 36, 180 Daher, Mikha’il, 147–9 Fez, 78 Dahr al-Baydar, 17, 217, 225(n49) Filastin al-Thawrah, 13 Damascus, passim Foch, French aircraft carrier, 167 Damour, 14–15, 90 Follow-Up Committee, 44, 63–7, 69 Dayan, Moshe, 34 France, 2, 21–2, 43–4, 58, 66–7, Dayan, Uzi, 198 91–2, 102, 115, 121, 125, 127, Dayr al-Qamar, 90, 237(n62) 150, 160, 163, 165–6, 171, Dbay, 175 174, 219 Dbay Camp, 13 French military observers, 102 Dean, John Gunther, 46 French troops, 91–2, 97, 114–15, 127–8, De Charette, Herve, 204 184 Declaration of Principles (Syrian), 185 Franjiya, Sulayman, 9–12, 15–18, 20–4, 27, De Cuellar, Perez, 165 41, 57–8, 66, 93, 100–2, 112, 119, Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 154 130–1, 147, 174 Delamare, Louis, 58, 66–7 Franjiya, Toni, 41, 174 Democratic Front for the Liberation of Friedman, Thomas L., 111, 205, 217 Palestine (DFLP), 93 Deniau, Jean-Francois, 158, 161 Galilee, 71, 109, 185, 202, 210 Dhimmiya, 99, 148, 217, 223(n3), Gannon, Mathew Kevin, 154–5 248(n98) Garbidjian, Varoujan, 125 al-Dinniya, 136 Gare de Lyon, 126 Dirani, Mustafa, 191 Gaza, 190–2, 221 Index ● 279

Gemayel, Amin, 79, 82–9, 91–2, 94–9, Hindawi, Nizar, 123–5, 127–9, 133–4, 150 100–1, 103–7, 112–15, 119–21, 124, Hizballah, 2, 70, 75, 103, 105, 108–9, 130–2, 136, 138–40, 142–4, 146, 122, 132–3, 135, 145, 149, 165, 148–51, 153, 173–4, 245(n189) 167, 170, 177–9, 185, 187, 189–92, Gemayel, Bashir, 41–2, 52–3, 55–9, 61–4, 194, 196, 199–204, 209–11, 68–70, 74, 78, 114, 235(n8) 213–15, 217, 220–1 Gemayel, Pierre, 9, 11–12, 18, 21, 40, 51, formation, 81–2 83, 89, 99, 101, 105 hostages, 88, 102, 107, 110, 122, 127, Geneva Peace Conference, 10–11, 30–3, 131, 133, 139, 141, 155, 159, 37–8 163–4, 167, 178, 183 Giscard d’Estaing, Valery, 19, 22 major terrorist operations, 84, 91–2, Ghanim, Iskandar, 9 95, 111–12, 114–15, 192, 205–6 Ghayba, 41 Hoagland, Jim, 168 Glaspie, April, 111, 144, 151, 176 Hourani, Cecil, 32 Glass, Charles, 139, 145 House of Representatives, 91, 141 Golan Heights, 6, 25, 36, 46, 72, 185, Howe, Geoffrey, 125 188–9, 193–5, 198, 207–8, 213 Hubayqa, Elie, 79, 113, 118, 120, 130, 174, Golan Heights Disengagement Agreement 245(n174) (May 31, 1974), 5–7, 25, 35–7, 50, Hunain, Edward, 1, 2, 104 208 al-Huri, `Ali Sa`d bin `Ali, 206 Goodman, Robert, 96 Husain, King, 6–8, 18–19, 25, 30, 56, 107, Goskel, Timor, 214 109, 117–18, 192 Goutierre, Christian, 126 Husain, Saddam, 156, 162–3, 176, 180 Graham, Bob, 221–2 al-Husaini, Husain, 52, 113, 132, 138, 143, Greece, 125 150, 156–7, 167 Gunaratna, Rohan, 220 al-Huss, Salim, 48, 51–2, 55–6, 101, 105, 124, 132, 141–3, 149, 153, 156–8, Haaretz, 209 157, 174, 176–7, 245(n189) Haddad, Sa`d, 32, 41–2, 46–7, 50, 74 Habib, Philip, 62–4, 71–3, 86, 235(n187) Ibrahim, Muhsin, 67 Haig, Alexander, 61–2, 235(n187) Ibrahim, Youssef M., 247(n74) Hamah, 70, 75 al-Ibrahimi, al-Akhdar, 161, 169 Hamas, 200, 205 `Id, `Ali, 66 Hansen, George, 127 Ifram, Fadi, 99 al-Harawi, Elias, 60, 173–4, 176–8 Ihdin, 41, 172, 175 Hariri, Rafiq, 97, 138–9 Indyk, Martin, 193, 208 Harris, William W., 169 Interim Cabinet, 149–50 Hasan II, King, 162–3 Interim Prime Minster, see `Awn, Michel Hashim, Joseph, 105 International Committee of the Red Cross, Hastert, J. Dennis, 219 235(n9) al-Hawadith, 52 Iqlim al-Kharrub, 106 al-Hayat, 208 Iqlim al-Tuffah, 209 Helou, Charles, 131 , 22, 28–9, 32, 35, 45, 71, 163, 176, Helou, Pierre, 147 179, 215, 221–2 High Military Committee (al-Lajnat al- Iran, 2, 56, 127, 141, 155, 159, 179, 192, `Askariya al-`Ulya), 15 202–3, 205–6, 211, 217, 220–2 Higgins, William, 145, 163–4, 183 Islamic revolution, 2, 54, 82 High Security Committee, 100–1 Revolutionary Guards, 82, 102 280 ● Index

Islamic Amal, 81 Kafar Shuba, 214 Islamic Jihad (Hizballah), 95, 102, 121, Kafra, 184 248(n91) Kan`an, Ghazi, 130, 133, 136, 146–7, 173 Islamic Jihad (Palestinian), 196, 200, 202, 205 Karami, Rashid, 9–10, 13, 15, 17, 57, 80–1, Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine 93, 101–7, 112–14, 124, 132, 136–7, (Hizballah), 131, 148 140–3, 150–1, 153, 225(n54) Islamic Unification Movement (Harakat Karachi, 128 al-Tawhid al-Islami), 113 Karine A, 221 Israel, passim al-Kasm, `Abd al-Ra’uf, 81 Israeli Defence Forces (IDF), 69, 70, 198 Kawkaba, 42 Israeli Television Channel 1, 202 Kelly, John, 140, 143, 245(n189) Issawi, Charles, 2 Kerr, Malcolm, 95, 244(n150) Italy, 92 Khaddam, `Abd al-Halim, 9–10, 13, 27, 34, Ithna `Ashariya Shi`is, 41 44–6, 53, 60–1, 63, 66–7, 80–1, 88, `Iz al-Din, Hasan, 220 91, 93–4, 98–100, 104, 106, 108, 113, 119, 138, 141, 143–4, 147, 155–6, Jabal `Amil, 41, 54, 77, 218 172–3, 190 Jabal Muhsin, 81 Khalde, 86, 97 Jabril, Ahmad, 2, 93, 155, 160–1, 163 Khalid, King, 7, 21–2, 27 Jackson, Jesse, 96 Khalid, Mufti Hasan, 13, 17, 20, 24, 41, Jadid, Salah, 5, 25 138, 150–1, 157–8, 163, 180, Ja`ja`, Samir, 106, 113, 120, 147, 149, 157, 245(n189) 167, 172, 174–6, 249(n125) Khatib, Ahmad, 15, 214, 231(n58) Jal al-Dib, 112 Khobar Towers (June 25, 1996), 205–6 Jamhur, 210 Khomeini, Rouhallah, 159, 215 Jamil, Naji, 14 al-Khuli, Muhammad, 62–3, 166, al-Jasim, Ahmad `Abd al-`Aziz, 161 234(n168) Jeddah, 64, 168 Khuraysh, Patriarch Antoine, 64 Jenco, Martin, 102 al-Khuri, Bisharah, 149, 151, 166 Jerusalem, 33–5, 44, 48, 74, 199, 200 al-Khuri, Victor, 46, 51 Jisr al-Basha, 23 Kimche, David, 83, 85 al-Jiya, 157 Kiryat Shimona, 86, 118, 185, 187, 202 Jizzin, 28, 62 Kissinger, Henry, 5, 7 Jordan, 10, 25, 28, 30, 34, 37, 56, 61, 107, al-Kura, 103 109, 118, 120, 192–3 Kuwait, 22, 28–9, 44, 64, 95, 157, 163, Jordanian-Israeli Peace Treaty (October 26, 176, 179–80 1994), 193–4 Jordanian-Israeli Washington Declaration Labor Cabinet (Israel), 185, 187, 201 (July 25, 1994), 192–3 Lahd, Antoine, 107 Jordanian-PLO Accord (Febraury 11, 1985), Lahhud, Emile, 178, 213, 215 107, 109, 117 Lake, Anthony, 192 Jordan River, 6 La Rance, 160 Junblat, Kamal, 9–10, 12–13, 15–26, 32, al-Lawzi, Salim, 52 41, 225(n43) Lebanese Armed Revolutionary Faction, 126 Junblat, Walid, 52, 57, 83, 87–9, 91–3, Lebanese Army, passim 96–7, 100–1, 104–7, 112, 118, 130, Lebanese Army Intelligence Bureau 132, 157, 165, 228(n168), 237(n62) (Deuxieme Bureau), 8, 54 Junya, 69, 97 Lebanese Communist Party, 114, 132 Index ● 281

Lebanese Constitution, 5, 53, 171–2 Matn, 94, 174, 216 Lebanese Forces (Christian), 36, 42, 55, 58, McCarthy, John, 155, 159–60, 167, 172, 60–1, 64, 69–70, 73–4, 78–9, 83, 88, 175 90, 96, 98–9, 106, 109, 113, 118–20, Mckee, Charles, 154–5 138–40, 148, 157, 160, 167, 172, Melkart Protocol (May 1973), 37, 40 174–5 al-Miqrahi, `Abd al-Basit, 179 also as FFML (Christian), 8, Mis al-Jabal, 214 15, 20, 24, 26, 36–7, 42, 45, 53, 58–9, Mitterand, Francois, 66 75, 99, 104, 124, 131–2, 138, 142, Moayeri, Ali Reza, 127 178 Mofaz, Shaul, 209 Lebanese Gendarmerie (Internal Security Monday Morning, 102 Force), 64, 68, 100, 103–4, 132, 214 Monte Carlo Broadcasting Radio, 21, 196 Lebanese–Israeli Agreement (May 17, 1983), Montparnasse, 126 85–7, 93–4, 97–8, 103, 115, 135, Morocco, 35, 78 Lebanese National Movement (LNM), 9–10, Mossad, 85 12–17, 20, 24, 52, 54, 56, 77, 108 al-Mu`allim, Walid, 144, 193, 197–8, 200, Lebanese Military Council, 103, 149 206–7 Lebanon, passim Mu`awwad, Rene, 172–3, 175 Lebanon’s Arab Army (LAA), 16, 51, 54, Mubarak, Husni, 197 214–15, 231(n58) Mueller, Robert S., 221 Leclereq, Patrick, 176 Muhsin, Zuhair, 9, 12–14, 23, 41 Legitimate Authorities (al-Sultat al-Shar`iya), al-Mughassal, Ahmad Ibrahim, 206 39, 42, 46 Mughniya, `Imad Fayez, 220–1 Le Monde, 126, 166 Mukhayber, Albert, 180, 216, 220, Leotard, Francois, 166 256(n19) Levin, Jeremy, 107 Multi-National Force (MNF), 84–5, 89, 91, Lewis, Bernard, 223(n3), 256(n27) 95–7, 102, 114, 121, 139, 159, 184 Liberation, 169 al-Murabitun, 100 Libya, 22, 29, 34, 54, 86, 117, 125, 179–80, Murphy, Richard, 16, 128, 133–4, 141, 143, 192 146–9, 151 Lijphart, Arend, 1 al-Murr, Michel, 157, 214 Litani Operation, 39–41, 74 al-Musawi, `Abbas, 92, 184 Litani River, 19 al-Musawi, Husain, 81 Lubrani, Uri, 199 Muslim Brothers (Syria), 49, 51, 56, 70, 74, 118 MacFarlane, Robert, 90 al-Madfun, 103, 106 al-Nahar, 27, 214, 218 Madrid Peace Conference, 145, 179–80, al-Nahar al-`Arabi wal-Duwali, 41 183–4, 189 Nahr al-Barid Camp, 93 Ma`luf, Nasri, 157 al-Na`imah, 187 Ma`raka, 46 Nakkash, Anis, 125 Marji`yun, 32, 184, 187, 214 al-Naqurah, 104 Markaba, 199 al-Nasir, `Abd al-Karim Husain Muhammad, Maronite Lebanese Order of Monks, 99 206 Mashariqa, Zuhair, 123 Nasrallah, Hasan, 190, 214–16, 221 Mashhad, 221 Nasser, Jamal `Abd al-, 27, 34 Mashgharah, 187 Nasserite-Ba`thist Revolution, 2 Maslakh-Karantina slums, 13, 18, 24 National Defense Law (March 13, 1979), 46 282 ● Index

National Dialogue Conference (Geneva, Palestinian News Agency (WAFA), 26 October 31–November 3, 1983), 91, 93 Palestinian Revolution, 2, 154 National Dialogue Conference (Lausanne, Palestinian Salvation Front, 129, 131, March 12–20, 1984), 98–100 134, 155 National Front for the Safeguarding of the Palmyra, 56 South, 39 Pan-Am Airlines, 128 National Liberals’ Party, 11, 55 Pan-Am 103, 153–6, 160–1, 163, 179 National Pact (al-Mithaq al-Watani), 1, 166, Paris, 56, 126 218 Parker, Richard B., 42–3, 228(n139), National Salvation Front, 88 231(n58) National Union Front (August 6, 1985), 114 Parris, Mark, 193 National Unity Cabinet, 101, 103, 105 Pazner, Avi, 165 NATO, 20 Pelletreau, Robert, 154 Naval Operations Room, 157 Pentagon, 219 Netanhayu, Benjamin, 204, 207 Peres, Shimon, 118, 197–203, 205–7 Newsweek, 71 Phalangist Party, 9, 11–14, 18, 20, 41, 53, New York Times, The, 30, 111, 145, 205 55, 59, 68, 79, 99, 174 Ni`man, Bulus Abbot, 99 Pope John Paul II, 164–5, 175–6 Non-Aligned Conference, (New Delhi, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine March 1983), 83 (PFLP), 93 Norway, 189 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine- Numur Militia (National Liberals’ Party), 55 General Command (PFLP-GC), 2, 93, 144–5, 160–1, 163, 187, 190, 223(n4) Oackley, Robert, 111, 129 Popular Nasserite Organization, 104, 106 October War (October 6, 1973), 5, 28, 46 Popular Resistance Militia, 66 Operation Accountability, 186–7, 200, 211 Powell, Colin L., 219, 222 Operation Grapes of Wrath, 200–5, 211 Primakov, Yevegeny, 204 Operation Peace for Galilee, 71–2, 75 Puente, Pablo, 176–7 Organization for Communist Action, 67 Organization of the Oppressed on Earth al-Qaddumi, Faruq, 24 (Hizballah), 164 al-Qadhdhafi, Mu`ammar, 54, 86, 120, Oslo I Agreement, 108, 189–91 229(n9) Oslo II Agreement, 196–7 al-Qadiri, Nazim, 248(n96) al-Qa`ida, 220–2 Pakistan, 128 Qal`at Shaqif, 210 Pakradouni, Karim, 37, 42–3, 45, 53, 58, , 203 65, 113, 116, 119, 173–5 Qansu, `Asim, 101 Palestine Liberation Army (PLA), 13–15, 18, Qasim, Na`im, 191 52, 54, 61, 69, 75 Qassis, Simon, 94, 96, 130 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Qatar, 44 2–3, 6–10, 12–18, 20–35, 37, al-Qibbiyat, 20, 127 39–40, 45–8, 50–2, 54, 58, 69–74, al-Qintari, 132 77–8, 80, 83–4, 86–90, 92–3, al-Qulay`at, 172 107–8, 114, 117, 120, 129, 135, Qunaytra, 35, 195 154–5, 175, 189–90, 194, 199 Palestine National Convention, 32, 46, 107, Rabin, Yitzhak, 19, 108, 118, 185–9, 192, 135, 154–5 194, 197, 200–1, 206–8 Palestinian National Charter, 155 Rabinovich, Itamar, 185, 188–9, 193, 195 Index ● 283 al-Rafi`, Abu Bakr, 103 Salvation Committee (Lajant al-Inqadh), 81 Raimond, Jean-Bernard, 127 Sammar-Jubayl, 131 Rajawi, Messoud, 127 Sarkis, Elias, 18, 21, 27, 29, 40, 42–5, Ramsay, Allan, 173 47–53, 55–7, 59–60, 62–3, 65, 67, Randal, Jonathan C., 111 69, 75 Ranstorp, Magnus, 244–5(n166) Sa`sa`, 5 al-Rashidiya Camp, 129 Satterfield, David, 221 al-Rasi, `Abdallah, 101, 131 Saudi Arabia, 21–2, 27–9, 33–4, 43–4, 48, al-Ra’y al-`Am, 13 61, 63–4, 84, 91, 103, 162, 170, Ray, Charles, 126 205–6 Reagan, Ronald, 58, 61–2, 64, 72, 95–6, Savir, Uri, 197 107, 111, 140, 159 al-Sayegh, Hani, 206 Revolutionary Justice Organization Scheer, Francois, 176 (Hizballah), 164, 167 Seale, Patrick, 45, 71 Rice, Condoleeza, 206 Security Zone (southern Lebanon), 74, 109, al-Rida, Mosque, 133 118, 189, 200, 213 al-Rifa`i, Zayd, 118 Senate, 91, 221 Riyad, Mahmud, 21, 27 Seurat, Michel, 121 Riyad, Saudi Arabia, 7, 22, 28 Sfair, Patriarch Cardinal Mar Nasrallah, 157, Riyaq, 217 159, 176, 214, 218–19 Rochot, Philippe, 127 Sha`ban, Sa`id, 113–14 Rome, 110, 117, 120, 125 Shahak, Amnon, 195 Ross, Christopher, 205 al-Shahhar al-Gharbi, 97 Ross, Denis, 188–9, 193, 196–7, 200, 207 Shamir, Yitzhak, 145, 165, 185 al-Rumailah, 54 Shams al-Din, Muhammad Mahdi, 54, 157 Rumsfeld, Donald, 94–6 al-Shar`, Faruq, 90, 96, 121, 126–7, 130–1, 138, 143, 147, 161, 185, 204, 208–9, Sa`b, Hasan, 138 217–18, 241(n41) al-Sabah, Sabah al-Ahmad, 156–7, 162 Sharm al-Shaykh Conference, 203–4 Sabra-Shatila Camps (massacres), 79, 108, Sharon, Ariel, 69–71, 73, 79, 83 114, 235(n9) Shatila Camp, 134–5 Sa`d, Ma`ruf, 8 Shepherdstown, West Virginia, 208–9 Sa`d, Mustafa, 104–6, 239(n127) Shib`a Farms (Mazari` Shib`a), 213–14, Sa`d al-Din, Mustafa, 14 216–17 Sadat, Anwar, 5, 7, 11, 24, 27, 29–30, 32–4 Shihab, Fu’ad, 151 peace initiative, 35–9, 44–5, 48, 74 al-Shihabi, Hikmat, 10, 14, 16, 44, 56, 85, al-Sa`diyat, 14–15 195 al-Sadr, Imam Musa, 13, 17, 24, 40, 54, 74, al-Shihabiya, 46 77, 226(n70), 229(n8) al-Shiqaqi, Fathi, 196 Safad, 195 Shtura Agreement (February 1977), 31–2 al-Safir, 209 al-Shuf, 44, 82, 85, 88–90, 104 Saguy, Yehoshua, 235(n8) Shultz, George, 87, 120, 129, 133, 143, 145 al-Sa`iqa, 9, 12, 14, 18, 23, 25, 50, 93 Shuqayr, Muhammad, 138 Salam, Hani, 132 Shwaykhat, Ja`far, 205–6 Salam, Malik, 225(n54) Siddiqin, 167 Salam, Sa’ib, 13, 17, 93 Sidon, 8, 24, 51–2, 54, 67, 77, 105–7, Salem, Elie, 85, 89–90, 130–3, 139–41, 129, 134–5 143–4, 147, 236(n32) Simpson, Daniel, 147 284 ● Index

Sinai, 7 Tripartite Committee (June 4, 1989), 162–5, Sinai Agreement, First, 7 167–9, 171 Sinai Agreement, Second, 10–11, 22, 25–7 Tripoli (Lebanon), 9, 63, 66, 69, 80–2, Skaf, Joseph, 101 113–15, 121, 136, 187 South Lebanon Army (SLA), 107, 109, 118, Tueni, Ghassan, 143 135, 184, 187, 189, 191, 200, 209–10, Tueni, Jubran, 168, 214–15, 217–18 214–15 Tunis, 51, 117 South Yemen, 34, 107 Tutwiler, Margaret D., 164 Soviet Union, 31, 35, 45, 63, 174, 180, 183 TWA (Flight 847), 110–12, 115, 220 Steadfastness and Confrontation Front Tyler, Patrick, 162 (SCF), 34–5 Tyre, 109, 129, 167 Sudan, 44 Sujud, 190 `Ubayd, `Abd al-Karim, 164, 248(n91) al-Sulh, `Alia, 166, 218 `Ubayd, Jean, 83 al-Sulh, Munah, 56 al-`Udaysah, 214 al-Sulh, Riyad, 166 United Arab Emirates, 44 al-Sulh, Taqi al-Din, 56, 61 United Kingdom (Britain), 71, 92, 97, 127 Supreme Islamic Shi’i Council, 54 U.N. Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), Suq al-Gharb, 90, 98, 100, 157 41, 126, 128, 203, 214 Sutherland, Thomas, 110 U.N. Security Council Resolution 242 Syria, passim (November 22, 1967), 32–3, 154, 185 Syria Accountability Act, 221 U.N. Security Council Resolution 338 Syrian Army, passim (October 22, 1973), 154, 185 Syrian Ba`th Party, 28, 35, 236(n49) U.N. Security Council Resolution 425 Syrian Intelligence Services (Mukhabarat), 79, (March 19, 1978), 158, 207 128, 181, 218–19, 234(n168), 235(n8) U.N. Security Council Resolution 520 Syrian News Agency (SANA), 126 (September 17, 1982), 219 Syrian Social Nationalist Party, 103, 114 U.N. Security Council Resolution 1373 Syrian Television, 203 (September 28, 2001), 221 Syria Times, 199 U.N. Security Council Resolution 1441 (November 8, 2002), 222 Tabnin, 46 United States, passim Taha, Riyad, 56 U.S. Embassy (Beirut), 84–5, 114, 139, 159 al-Ta’if, 169–70 U.S. Marines (MNF), 89, 91, 94, 97, al-Ta’if Accord, 170–6, 180, 202 114–15, 159, 184 Tal al-Za`tar, 13, 23–4, 26 U.S.S. Nashville, 235(n186) Tannus, Ibrahim, 85 Upper Galilee, 118 al-Tanzim, 8 `Urayqat, Sa’ib, 221 Tel Aviv, 39, 123, 200 `Usayran, `Adil, 93, 101 Tenet, George J., 221 UTA (French Airliner Union des Transports Tennenbaum, Elhanan, 216 Aeriens), 248(n91) al-Thawrah, 66, 142, 154 `Uwaydat, `Abduh, 81 Time, 30, 125 Tishrin, 54, 59, 65, 80, 85, 138, 167, 191 Van Atta, Dale, 155, 159 Tlas, Mustafa, 65–6, 80, 92 Vance, Cyrus, 33 Touma, Adele, 166 Vatican, 174, 176, 178 Tripartite Agreement (December 28, 1985), Vienna, 117, 125 112, 118–20, 122–3, 127, 150 Villa Mansour, 172 Index ● 285

Wadi `Arabah, 193 World Trade Center, 219 Waite, Terry, 241(n41) Wye Plantation, 197–200, 206–7 Walters, Vernon, 139–40, 145 War of Liberation (March 14, 1989), 157–8, Yahmur, 187 173–4, 180 al-Ya`qub, Ibrahim Salih Muhammad, 206 Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Yater, 184 192 Yerze, 63, 90, 178 Washington Post, The, 7, 122, 155, 158–60, Yunis, Manuel, 147 162, 168 al-Wazzan, Shafiq, 51, 57, 65, 67–9, 75, 80, Zabol, 221 82–3, 96–7, 236(n32) Zahle, 115, 173 Weinberger, Caspar, 94 conflict over, 57–8, 60–5, 74 Weir, Benjamin, 102 Zahrani, 24, 106–7 Witwat, 132 al-Zarif, 132 Working Paper (Warqat `Amal), 65, 67–9, Zgharta, 62, 103 75 Zuq Mikha’il, 249(n125)