DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis Nordmark

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis Nordmark Structural and Functional Changes in the Brain after Surgically Repaired Median Nerve Injury Per Nordmark Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Physiology Section Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Section for Hand and Plastic Surgery Umeå University, Umeå 2019 Copyright © 2019 Per Nordmark Responsible publisher under Swedish law: the Dean of the Medical Faculty This work is protected by the Swedish Copyright Legislation (Act 1960:729) Dissertation for PhD ISBN: 978-91-7855-072-2 ISSN: 0346-6612 New Series No 2035 Electronic version available at: http://umu.diva-portal.org/ Printed by: Cityprint i Norra AB, Umeå SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden Figures 1-8: Illustrations by Per Nordmark Image on p. 1: Zoom in on Adam and Gods hands from ‘The Creation of Adam’ by Michelangelo Buonarroti, fresco in the ceiling in the Sistine Chapel – (private photograph). N.B. A peculiar interpretation of this fresco’s depiction of God is that suggested by Frank Lynn Meshberger; that the outlines of God and the persons surrounding him make up the contour of the midsagittal plane of a brain and that this was a tribute by Michelangelo to the brain and the intellect (Meshberger, 1990). Image on p. 39: Studies of arms and hands, 1513-1520, Michelangelo (Public domain) Image on p. 43: Studies of folded hands, 1511-1512, Michelangelo (Public domain) Image on p. 55: Scheme for the Sistine chapel ceiling; studies of arms, 1508, Michelangelo (Public domain) Image on p. 61: Anatomical studies of arms and shoulders, 1513-1520, Michelangelo (Public domain) Image on p. 77: Studies of an outstretched arm for the fresco ‘The Drunkenness of Noah’ in the Sistine Chapel, 1508-9, Michelangelo (Public domain) To my family Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................ iii Abbreviations ................................................................................... iv Original Papers ................................................................................. v Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 General introduction ....................................................................................................... 2 Short historical review ..................................................................................................... 4 History of peripheral nerve injuries and their treatment ...................................... 4 Historical aspects on understanding the function of the brain .............................. 8 Normal hand function .................................................................................................... 11 Peripheral sensory mechanisms supporting manual dexterity ............................ 12 Cortical brain areas associated with somatosensory and multisensory processing ................................................................................................................................... 16 Cortical motor areas ............................................................................................... 23 Prefrontal cortex ..................................................................................................... 26 Hand function after peripheral nerve injury ................................................................ 29 Classification of nerve injuries ............................................................................... 29 Reinnervation after surgical repair ........................................................................ 31 Median nerve injury................................................................................................ 32 CNS changes after peripheral nerve injury ................................................................... 34 Findings in monkeys ............................................................................................... 34 Findings in humans ................................................................................................. 36 Aims of projects within this Thesis ................................................. 39 Specific Aims .................................................................................................................. 40 Materials and Methods ................................................................... 43 Brief description of methodology and rationale for each paper .................................. 44 Paper I ...................................................................................................................... 44 Paper II .................................................................................................................... 45 Paper III ................................................................................................................... 45 Material ...........................................................................................................................47 Participants, inclusion and exclusion criteria ........................................................47 Methods ......................................................................................................................... 48 Magnetic Resonance Imaging – a brief description ............................................. 48 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging– a brief description ........................... 49 Voxel-Based Morphometry – a brief description .................................................. 50 Novel apparatus for tactile stimulations in the MRI-scanner ............................. 50 Data acquisition and analysis ................................................................................ 50 Ethical considerations ....................................................................................................53 Results .............................................................................................55 Summary of Results presented in Paper I .................................................................... 56 Summary of Results presented in Paper II .................................................................... 57 Summary of Results presented in Paper III ................................................................. 58 i Discussion ........................................................................................ 61 Paper I ...................................................................................................................... 63 Paper II .................................................................................................................... 65 Paper III ................................................................................................................... 66 Synthesis ........................................................................................................................ 69 Reliability ....................................................................................................................... 70 Statistical choices and issues ..........................................................................................72 Future directions ............................................................................................................74 Conclusions ...................................................................................... 77 Acknowledgements ..........................................................................79 References ...................................................................................... 80 ii Abstract Despite the best available surgical repair, traumatic median nerve injury within the forearm typically causes lifelong impairment in hand function. This stems from an inadequate reinnervation of the nerves supporting sensory functions of the thumb, index and long finger, and of nerves supplying intrinsic hand muscles. This thesis examines whether median nerve injuries can cause structural and functional changes in the brain. Understanding such changes can help the development of new treatments for improved recovery of hand function. The first study introduces a novel apparatus and paradigm for examining tactile neural processing with fMRI under well-controlled behavioral conditions. The scientific issue challenged was whether, in healthy adults, different cortical areas could be involved in processing tactile stimuli depending on their temporal frequency content. In a threshold-tracking paradigm, the participants’ task was to detect oscillatory mechanical stimulations of various frequencies delivered to the tip of either left or right middle finger. Regardless of stimulated hand, tactile detection of audible frequencies (20 and 100 Hz) engaged the left auditory cortex while detection of slow object displacements (3 Hz) engaged visual cortex. These results corroborate and advance the metamodal theory of brain function, which posits that brain areas can contribute to sensory processing by performing specific computations – those for which they are specialized – regardless of input modality. The second and third studies concern structural and functional changes in the brain of adults with one reinnervated hand after an injury transecting the median nerve in the forearm. Healthy individuals matched for sex, handedness and age served as controls. Irrespective of side of injury (left or right), voxel-based morphometry applied on T1 MR-images revealed reductions of gray matter in the left ventral and right dorsal premotor cortex,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physiological Studies of the Vestibulosympathetic Reflex in Humans
    ! ! ! Physiological Studies of the Vestibulosympathetic Reflex in Humans Elie Hammam, BMedSci (Hons I) School of Medicine University of Western Sydney Supervisor Prof. Vaughan Macefield Co-Supervisor Prof. Kenny Kwok A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney in candidature for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 ! ! "! ! ! ! STATEMENT OF AUTHENTICATION I, Elie Hammam, declare that this thesis is based entirely on my own independent work, except for sections which were performed in collaboration with colleagues as acknowledged in the study and resulted in the publication of the journal articles shown below. To the best of my knowledge this project does not contain material previously submitted in fulfillment of the guidelines and requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, and has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Elie Hammam ! ! ! ! #! ! ! ! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Undertaking the highest scholarly exercise a University offers has certainly been a long, arduous, but nevertheless a fulfilling journey. Now completed, reflection has allowed me to appreciate that what I have achieved is merely a credit to my efforts. I am deeply indebted to the guidance of my mentors, encouragements from friends and support from family. First and foremost, I wish to acknowledge my stellar supervisor Vaughan Macefield who has never shied from supporting me throughout my candidature. Vaughan, from the very beginning you believed in me and never ceased to impart your knowledge, skills and wisdom. You have ensured all throughout my candidature that I get a holistic development in preparation to a life with academic excellence.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Traumatic Nerve Injuries
    American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine AANEM ASSESSMENT OF TRAUMATIC NERVE INJURIES Lawrence R. Robinson, MD Jeffrey G. Jarvik, MD, MPH David G. Kline, MD 2005 AANEM COURSE G AANEM 52nd Annual Scientific Meeting Monterey, California Assessment of Traumatic Nerve Injuries Lawrence R. Robinson, MD Jeffrey G. Jarvik, MD, MPH David G. Kline, MD 2005 COURSE G AANEM 52nd Annual Scientific Meeting Monterey, California AANEM Copyright © September 2005 American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine 421 First Avenue SW, Suite 300 East Rochester, MN 55902 PRINTED BY JOHNSON PRINTING COMPANY, INC. ii Assessment of Traumatic Nerve Injuries Faculty Lawrence R. Robinson, MD David G. Kline, MD Professor Boyd Professor and Head Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Department of Neurosurgery University of Washington Louisiana State University Medical Center Seattle, Washington New Orleans, Louisiana Dr. Robinson attended Baylor College of Medicine and completed his res- Dr. Kline is currently a Boyd Professor and Head of the Department of idency training in rehabilitation medicine at the Rehabilitation Institute of Neurosurgery at Louisiana State University (LSU) Medical Center in New Chicago. He now serves as professor and chair of the Department of Orleans. He earned his medical degree from the University of Rehabilitation Medicine at the University of Washington and is the Pennsylvania, then performed his internship at the University of Michigan. Director of the Harborview Medical Center Electrodiagnostic Laboratory. He performed residencies at the University of Michigan and Walter Reed He is also currently Vice Dean for Clinical Affairs at the University of General Hospital and Institute of Research. Dr. Kline has served on sever- Washington.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Sympathetic Nervous Activity in Chronic Renal Failure
    Journal of Clinical and Basic Cardiology An Independent International Scientific Journal Journal of Clinical and Basic Cardiology 2001; 4 (3), 179-182 The Role of Sympathetic Nervous Activity in Chronic Renal Failure Rump LC Homepage: www.kup.at/jcbc Online Data Base Search for Authors and Keywords Indexed in Chemical Abstracts EMBASE/Excerpta Medica Krause & Pachernegg GmbH · VERLAG für MEDIZIN und WIRTSCHAFT · A-3003 Gablitz/Austria FOCUS ON SYMPATHETIC TONE Sympathetic Overactivity in Chronic Renal Failure J Clin Basic Cardiol 2001; 4: 179 The Role of Sympathetic Nervous Activity in Chronic Renal Failure L. C. Rump Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are extremely high in patients with chronic renal failure. Preventing progression of chronic renal failure and reducing the cardiovascular risk of uraemic patients are major challenges for nephrologists. In the past the renin-angiotensin system has been the main focus of research and therapy efforts. Today we know that sympathetic over- activity plays an important role for progression and prognosis in chronic renal disease. Afferent signals arising from the dam- aged kidneys due to the activation of mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors lead to efferent sympathetic nervous activation. This results in an enhanced release of the sympathetic neurotransmitters noradrenaline, ATP and NPY at important neuro- effector junctions in heart, kidney and blood vessels. All three sympathetic cotransmitter are able to induce vasoconstriction and to stimulate proliferative processes. Recently it was shown in an animal model of chronic renal failure that inhibition of sympa- thetic nervous activity by moxonidine ameliorates disease progression. This effect was independent from blood pressure reduc- tions and likely due to reduced cotransmitter release.
    [Show full text]
  • View of High Frequency Alternating Currents for Inducing Nerve Block
    REDUCTION OF THE ONSET RESPONSE IN HIGH FREQUENCY NERVE BLOCK by DOUGLAS MICHAEL ACKERMANN, JR. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Adviser: Niloy Bhadra, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY January, 2010 TITLE PAGE CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES We hereby approve the thesis/dissertation of Douglas Michael Ackermann, Jr. candidate for the Ph.D. degree *. (signed) ______________P. Hunter Peckham______________ (chair of the committee) _______________Kevin L. Kilgore_______________ ______________Cameron McIntyre______________ _________________Niloy Bhadra_________________ ___________________Joe Payer___________________ (date) _____November 23, 2009_____ *We also certify that written approval has been obtained for any proprietary material contained therein. COMMITTEE SIGNATURE PAGE DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this dissertation to my wonderful family, friends and colleagues who make life so much fun. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • An Intra-Neural Microstimulation System for Ultra-High Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetoencephalography Paul Glover, Roger H
    An intra-neural microstimulation system for ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography Paul Glover, Roger H. Watkins, George C. O’neill, Rochelle Ackerley, Rosa Sanchez-Panchuelo, Matthew J. Brookes, Johan Wessberg, Susan T. Francis, Francis Mcglone To cite this version: Paul Glover, Roger H. Watkins, George C. O’neill, Rochelle Ackerley, Rosa Sanchez-Panchuelo, et al.. An intra-neural microstimulation system for ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, Elsevier, 2017, 290, pp.69 - 78. 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.07.016. hal-01599604 HAL Id: hal-01599604 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01599604 Submitted on 2 Oct 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 290 (2017) 69–78 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Neuroscience Methods jo urnal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jneumeth Research Paper An intra-neural microstimulation system for ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography a,∗ b a b,c Paul M. Glover , Roger H. Watkins , George C. O’Neill , Rochelle Ackerley , a d,e a b Rosa Sanchez-Panchuelo , Francis McGlone , Matthew J.
    [Show full text]
  • WCBR Program3
    Welcome to the Thirty-Fifth Annual Winter Conference on Brain Research The Winter Conference on Brain Research (WCBR) was founded in 1968 to promote free exchange of information and ideas within neuroscience. It was the intent of the founders that both formal and informal interactions would occur between clinical and laboratory based neuroscientists. During the past thirty years neuroscience has grown and expanded to include many new fields and methodologies. This diversity is also reflected by WCBR participants and in our program. A primary goal of the WCBR is to enable participants to learn about the current status of areas of neuroscience other than their own. Another objective is to provide a vehicle for scientists with common interests to discuss current issues in an informal setting. On the other hand, WCBR is not designed for presentations limited to communicating the latest data to a small group of specialists; this is best done at national society meetings. The program includes panels (reviews for an audience not neces- sarily familiar with the area presented), workshops (informal discussions of current issues and data), and a number of posters. The annual conference lecture will be presented at the Sunday breakfast on Sunday, January 27. Our guest speaker will be Dr. Donald Kennedy, Editor-in-Chief of Science. On Tuesday, January 29, a town meeting will be held for the Aspen/Snowmass commu- nity at which Dr. George Ricaurte, and WCBR participants will discuss drug addiction and toxicity of addictive drugs. Also, participants in the WCBR Outreach Program will present sessions at local schools throughout the week to pique students’ interest in science.
    [Show full text]
  • Neural Control of the Cardiovascular System in Space 177 Figure 3
    Experiment Team Neural Control of the Principal Investigator: C. Gunnar Blomqvist’ Cardiovascular System Co-Investigators: Benjamin D. Levinel James A. Pawelczyk2 in Space Lynda D. Lane3 Cole A. Gillerl E Andrew Gaffney3 Authors Benjamin D. Levine, James A. Pawelczyk, ‘University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Julie H. Zuckerman, Rong Zhang, Qi Fu, Dallas, USA Kenichi Iwasaki, Chet Ray, C. Gunnar Blomqvist *The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA ABSTRACT During the acute transition from lying supine to standing upright, a large volume of blood suddenly moves from the chest into the legs. To prevent fainting, the blood pressure control system senses this change immediately, and rapidly adjusts flow (by increasing heart rate) and resistance to flow (by constricting the blood vessels) to restore blood pressure and maintain brain blood flow. If this system is inadequate, the brain has a “backup plan.” Blood vessels in the brain can adjust their diameter to keep blood flow constant. If blood pressure drops, the brain blood vessels dilate; if blood pressure increases, the brain blood vessels constrict. This process, which is called “autoreg- ulation,” allows the brain to maintain a steady stream of oxygen, even when blood pressure changes. We examined what changes in the blood pressure control system or cerebral autoregulation contribute to the blood pressure con- trol problems seen after spaceflight. We asked: (1) does the adaptation to spaceflight cause an adaptation in the blood pressure control system that impairs the ability of the system to constrict blood vessels on return to Earth?; (2)if such a defect exists, could we pinpoint the neural pathways involved?; and (3) does cerebral autoregulation become abnormal during spaceflight, impairing the body’s ability to maintain constant brain blood flow when standing upright on Earth? We stressed the blood pressure control system using lower body negative pressure, upright tilt, handgrip exercise, and cold stimulation of the hand.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurovascular Coupling: a Unifying Theory for Post-Concussion Syndrome Treatment and Functional Neuroimaging
    logy & N ro eu u r e o N p h f Journal of Neurology & y o s l i a o l n o r Allen and Epps, J Neurol Neurophysiol 2017, 8:6 g u y o J Neurophysiology DOI: 10.4172/2155-9562.1000454 ISSN: 2155-9562 Review Article Open Access Neurovascular Coupling: A Unifying Theory for Post-Concussion Syndrome Treatment and Functional Neuroimaging Epps CT1* and Allen MD1,2 1Cognitive FX, Provo, UT, USA 2Notus Neuropsychological Imaging, Orem, UT, USA *Corresponding author: Dr. Allen MD, Cognitive FX, Provo, 280 West River Park Drive, Suite 110, Provo, Utah 84604, USA, Tel: 3853758590; Fax: 8885111397; Email: [email protected] Received date: November 28, 2017; Accepted date: December 21, 2017; Published date: December 24, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Epps CT, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) occurs in a significant percentage of concussion patients and is defined as having a history of traumatic brain injury with persistence of three or more symptoms. Standard structural clinical neuroimaging studies show no abnormal findings for the majority of PCS patients as opposed to functional MRI, which often reveals irregularities in the blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal. This suggests that dysregulation of neurovascular coupling, which causes abnormal BOLD signals, plays a significant role in PCS pathology. However, compared to the pathophysiologic mechanisms occurring in acute concussion, the underlying neuropathophysiology of chronic concussive sequelaeor PCS is less understood, though becoming clearer with emerging research.
    [Show full text]
  • The Link Between Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension, Fibromyalgia, and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Exploration of a Shared Pathophysiology
    Journal name: Journal of Pain Research Article Designation: Hypothesis Year: 2018 Volume: 11 Journal of Pain Research Dovepress Running head verso: Hulens et al Running head recto: The link between intracranial hypertension, fibromyalgia, and CFS open access to scientific and medical research DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S186878 Open Access Full Text Article HYPOTHESIS The link between idiopathic intracranial hypertension, fibromyalgia, and chronic fatigue syndrome: exploration of a shared pathophysiology Mieke Hulens1 Purpose: Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IICH) is a condition characterized by raised Ricky Rasschaert2 intracranial pressure (ICP), and its diagnosis is established when the opening pressure measured 3 during a lumbar puncture is elevated 20 cm H O in nonobese patients or 25 cm H O in obese Greet Vansant > 2 > 2 Ingeborg Stalmans4,5 patients. Papilledema is caused by forced filling of the optic nerve sheath with cerebrospinal Frans Bruyninckx6 fluid (CSF). Other common but underappreciated symptoms of IICH are neck pain, back pain, and radicular pain in the arms and legs resulting from associated increased spinal pressure and Wim Dankaerts1 forced filling of the spinal nerves with CSF. Widespread pain and also several other character- 1Department of Rehabilitation For personal use only. istics of IICH share notable similarities with characteristics of fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, fatigue syndrome (CFS), two overlapping chronic pain conditions. The aim of this review was Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation to compare literature data regarding the characteristics of IICH, FM, and CFS and to link the Research Unit, University of Leuven, shared data to an apparent underlying physiopathology, that is, increased ICP.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeling Pain and Being in Pain
    Hanse-Studien / Hanse Studies Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Delmenhorst Hanse Institute for Advanced Study Band 1 / Volume 1 Nikola Grahek Feeling Pain and Being in Pain bis Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem der Universität Oldenburg 2001 Hanse-Studien / Hanse Studies Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Delmenhorst Hanse Institute for Advanced Study herausgegeben von Prof. Dr. Dr. Gerhard Roth und Uwe Opolka In der Reihe Hanse-Studien / Hanse Studies erscheinen – in deutscher oder englischer Sprache – unveröffentlichte Forschungsarbeiten, die am Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg (HWK) in Delmenhorst entstanden sind, sowie Berichte über vom HWK durchgeführte Konferenzen. Das Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg ist eine gemeinnützige Stiftung privaten Rechts der Länder Bremen und Niedersachsen sowie der Stadt Delmenhorst. Es wurde 1995 gegründet und nahm 1997 seine Arbeit auf. Seine Hauptaufgabe besteht in der Stärkung des überregional und international anerkannten Forschungspotentials der umliegenden Universitäten und Forschungseinrichtungen, insbesondere der Universitäten Oldenburg und Bremen. Seine derzeitigen Arbeitsschwerpunkte liegen auf den Gebieten Meeres- und Klimaforschung, Neuro- und Kognitionswissenschaften, Sozialwissenschaften / Sozialpolitik sowie auf interdisziplinären Projekten. In diesen Bereichen beruft es Fellows und führt Tagungen durch. Anschriften der Herausgeber: Prof. Dr. Dr. Gerhard Roth Uwe Opolka Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Lehmkuhlenbusch 4 Lehmkuhlenbusch 4 27753 Delmenhorst 27753 Delmenhorst Telefon: 0 42 21/91 60-108 Telefon: 0 42 21/91 60-109 Telefax: 0 42 21/91 60-199 Telefax: 0 42 21/91 60-199 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Verlag/Druck/ Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem der Vertrieb Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg (BIS) – Verlag Postfach 2541, 26015 Oldenburg Telefon: +49-4 41-7 98-22 61 Telefax: +49-4 41-7 98-40 40 e-mail: [email protected] ISBN 3-8142-0780-7 3 Contents Acknowledgments 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Fnhum-12-00477 November 29, 2018 Time: 13:4 # 1
    This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail. Nurmi, Timo; Henriksson, Linda; Piitulainen, Harri Optimization of Proprioceptive Stimulation Frequency and Movement Range for fMRI Published in: FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00477 Published: 03/12/2018 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published under the following license: CC BY Please cite the original version: Nurmi, T., Henriksson, L., & Piitulainen, H. (2018). Optimization of Proprioceptive Stimulation Frequency and Movement Range for fMRI. FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE, 12, 1-15. [477]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00477 This material is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) fnhum-12-00477 November 29, 2018 Time: 13:4 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 03 December 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00477 Optimization of Proprioceptive Stimulation Frequency and Movement Range for fMRI Timo Nurmi1,2*, Linda Henriksson1,2 and Harri Piitulainen1,2 1 Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering (NBE), Aalto University, Espoo, Finland, 2 Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland For vision, audition and tactile sense, the optimal stimulus frequency for fMRI is somewhat known.
    [Show full text]
  • Principles-Of-Autonomic-Medicine-V
    Principles of Autonomic Medicine v. 2.1 DISCLAIMERS This work was produced as an Official Duty Activity while the author was an employee of the United States Government. The text and original figures in this book are in the public domain and may be distributed or copied freely. Use of appropriate byline or credit is requested. For reproduction of copyrighted material, permission by the copyright holder is required. The views and opinions expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any of its components. References in this book to specific commercial products, processes, services by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise do not necessarily constitute or imply their endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or its employees. The appearance of external hyperlinks is provided with the intent of meeting the mission of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Such appearance does not constitute an endorsement by the United States Government or any of its employees of the linked web sites or of the information, products or services contained at those sites. Neither the United States Government nor any of its employees, including the author, exercise any editorial control over the information that may be found on these external sites. Permission was obtained from the following for reproduction of pictures in this book. Other reproduced pictures were from -- 1 -- Principles of Autonomic Medicine v. 2.1 Wikipedia Commons or had no copyright. Tootsie Roll Industries, LLC (Tootsie Roll Pop, p. 26) Dr. Paul Greengard (portrait photo, p.
    [Show full text]