Appendix 1. MEDLINE and EMBASE-cited articles reporting clinical outcomes with modular femoral stems

1. Abdel MP, Lewallen DG, Berry DJ. Periprosthetic femur fractures treated with modular fluted, tapered stems. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472:599-603.

2. Alfaro Adrian J, Crawford RW, Wulke A, Murray DW, McLardy-Smith P. Proximal cementing for revision hip arthroplasty. Hip Int. 1998;2:62-69.

3. Alfaro Adrian J, Emerton M, Murray DW, McLardy-Smith P. Proximal femoral reconstruction for revision hip arthroplasty with severe bone loss: a new technique using autologous bone graft and a proximally loading femoral component. Hip Int. 1997;1:3-9.

4. Al-Taki MM, Masri BA, Duncan CP, Garbuz DS. Quality of life following proximal femoral replacement using a modular system in revision THA. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:470– 475.

5. Amanatullah DF, Meehan JP, Cullen AB, Kim SH, Jamali AA. Intermediate-term radiographic and patient outcomes in revision hip arthroplasty with a modular calcar design and porous plasma coating. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26:1451–1454.

6. Andress H-J, Landes J, Gierer P, Hertlein H, Schurmann M, Von Ruckmann B, Lob G. Experience with a modular hip prosthesis consisting of a separate head and shaft component in patients with femoral bone defects. Eur J Trauma. 1999;25:267-276.

7. Andress H-J, Von Ruckmann B, Zwonitzer R, Kahl S, Ringling M., Lob G. Changes in bone density of the femur after cement-free implantation of a modular hip prosthesis with a long shaft. Unfallchirurg. 2001;104:622-628.

8. Artiaco S, Boggio F, Titolo P, Zoccola K, Bianchi P, Bellomo F. Clinical experience in femoral revision with the modular Profemur R stem. Hip Int. 2011;21:39-42.

9. Atwood SA, Patten EW, Bozic KJ, Pruitt LA, Ries MD. Corrosion-induced fracture of a double-modular hip prosthesis: a case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:1522–1525.

10. Barrett WP, Kindsfater KA, Lesko JP. Large-diameter modular metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty. Incidence of revision for adverse reaction to metallic debris. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:976-983.

11. Benazzo F, Rossi SMP, Cecconi D, Piovani L, Ravasi F. Mid-term results of an uncemented femoral stem with modular neck options. Hip Int. 2010;20:427–433.

12. Benoist J, Lambotte J-C, Polard J-L, Huten D. High rate of fracture in the cementless modular Extreme (Mark I) femoral prosthesis in revision total hip arthroplasty: 33 cases at more than 5 years’ follow-up. Orthop Traumatol. 2013;99:915-921.

13. Bernasek TL, Polikandriotis JA, Levering MF, Dalury DF, Fisher DA, Adler MJ. Five- to ten-year outcomes for modular metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:1231–1234.

14. Bertani A, Helix M, Louis ML, Rochwerger A, Curvale G. Total hip arthroplasty in severe segmental femoral bone loss situations: use of a reconstruction modular stem design (JVC IX). Retrospective study of 23 cases. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2009;95:491–497.

15. Biant LC, Bruce WJM, Assini JB, Walker PM, Walsh WR. Primary total hip arthroplasty in severe developmental dysplasia of the hip. Ten-year results using a cementless modular stem. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24:27-32.

16. Bolognesi MP, Pietrobon R, Clifford PE, Vail TP. Comparison of a hydroxyapatite-coated sleeve and a porous-coated sleeve with a modular revision hip stem. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86:2720–2725.

17. Botti TP, Gent J, Martell JM, Manning DW. Trunion fracture of a fully porous-coated femoral stem. Case report. J Arthroplasty. 2005;20:943–945.

18. Buechel FF, Buechel FF, Helbig TE, D’Alessio J, Pappas MJ. Two- to 12-year evaluation of cementless Buechel-Pappas total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2004;19:1017–1027.

19. Cameron HU. A review of the 2- to 8-year results with a proximally fixed noncemented threaded modular total hip. Acta Orthop Belg. 1992;58:420–424.

20. Cameron HU. The two- to six-year results with a proximally modular noncemented total hip replacement used in hip revisions. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;298:47-53.

21. Chana R, Esposito C, Campbell PA, Walter WK, Walter WL. Mixing and matching causing taper wear: corrosion associated with pseudotumour formation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94:281–286.

22. Chandran P, Azzabi M, Burton DJ, Andrews M, Bradley JG. Mid term results of Furlong LOL uncemented hip hemiarthroplasty for fractures of the femoral neck. Acta Orthop Belg. 2006;72:428–433.

23. Cherubino P, Fagetti A, D’Angelo F, Surace MF. Femoral revision with taper stems: results at ten years follow-up. Surg Technol Int. 2010;20:329–333.

24. Christie MJ, DeBoer DK, Tingstad EM, Capps M, Brinson MF, Trick LW. Clinical experience with a modular noncemented femoral component in revision total hip arthroplasty: 4- to 7-year results. J Arthroplasty. 2000;15:840-848.

25. Christie MJ, DeBoer DK, Trick LW, Brothers JC, Jones RE, Vise GT, Gruen TA. Primary total hip arthroplasty with use of the modular S-ROM prosthesis. Four to seven-year clinical and radiographic results. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:1707–1716.

26. Clavel-Sainz M, Martinez Victorio P, Martinez Garcia L, Martinez Garcia P, Medrano E, Martinez Martinez F. Clinical and radiographic follow-up of the LCR threaded femoral stem in hip revision surgery. J Orthop Traumatol. 1997;41:479-487. 27. Collier JP, Surprenant VA, Jensen RE, Mayor MB, Surprenant HP. Corrosion between the components of modular femoral hip prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74:511–517.

28. Cook RB, Bolland BJ, Wharton JA, Tilley S, Latham JM, Wood RJK. Pseudotumour formation due to tribocorrosion at the taper interface of large diameter metal on polymer modular total hip replacements. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:1430–1436.

29. Cooper HJ, Della Valle CJ, Berger RA, Tetreault M, Paprosky WG, Sporer SM, Jacobs JJ. Corrosion at the head-neck taper as a cause for adverse local tissue reactions after total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012;94:1655–1661.

30. Cooper HJ, Urban RM, Wixson RL, Meneghini RM, Jacobs JJ. Adverse local tissue reaction arising from corrosion at the femoral neck-body junction in a dual-taper stem with a cobalt- chromium modular neck. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95:865–872.

31. Cossetto DJ, Goudar A. Mid-term outcome of a modular, cementless, proximally hydroxyapatite-coated, anatomic femoral stem. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2012;20:322–326.

32. Cossetto DJ, McCarthy JC, Bono JV, Turner RH. Minimum four-year radiographic and clinical evaluation of results following femoral revision surgery with the S-ROM modular hip system. Acta Orthop Belg. 1996;62(Suppl 1):135–147.

33. Crawford SA, Siney PD, Wroblewski BM. Revision of failed total hip arthroplasty with a proximal femoral modular cemented stem. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82:684–688.

34. Dagnino A, Grappiolo G, Benazzo FM, Learmonth ID, Spotorno L, Portinaro N. Medium- term outcome in patients treated with total hip arthroplasty using a modular femoral stem. Hip Int. 2012;22:274–279.

35. Dangles CJ, Altstetter CJ. Failure of the modular neck in a total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25:1169.e5-1169.e7.

36. Dawe EJ, Lindisfarne EA, Nicol S, White SM, Stott PM. Does using a modular variable offset hemiarthroplasty reduce length of stay after hip fracture? Early experience with the Exeter Unipolar hemiarthroplasty. Eur Orthop Traumatol. 2014;5:49-55.

37. De la Torre BJ, Chaparro M, Romanillos JO, Zarzoso S, Mosquera M, Rodriguez G. 10 years results of an uncemented metaphyseal fit modular stem in elderly patients. Indian J Orthop. 2011;45:351–358.

38. Desai RR, Malkani AL, Hitt KD, Jaffe FF, Schurman JR 2nd, Shen J. Revision total hip arthroplasty using a modular femoral implant in Paprosky type III and IV femoral bone loss. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:1492-1498.e1.

39. Donell ST, Darrah C, Nolan JF, Wimhurst J, Toms A, Barker TH, Case CP, Tucker JK. Early failure of the Ultima metal-on-metal total hip replacement in the presence of normal plain radiographs. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92:1501–1508. 40. Dorr LD, Wan Z. Comparative results of a distal modular sleeve, circumferential coating, and stiffness relief using the Anatomic Porous Replacement II. J Arthroplasty. 1996;11:419–428.

41. Dzaja I, Lyons MC, McCalden RW, Naudie DD, Howard JL. Revision hip arthroplasty using a modular revision hip system in cases of severe bone loss. J Arthroplasty. 2014 Mar 6 [Epub ahead of print].

42. Efe T, Schmitt J. Analyses of prosthesis stem failures in noncemented modular hip revision prostheses. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26:665.e7-12.

43. Ellman MB, Levine BR. Fracture of the modular femoral neck component in total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:196.e1-5.

44. Fabi DW, Goldstein WM, Gordon AC. Dislocation of an S-ROM total hip arthroplasty secondary to traumatic femoral stem dissociation from the metaphyseal sleeve. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24:196.e1-5.

45. Fontana A, Corbella M. ZMR modular system arthroplasty for correction of Putti’s osteotomy in congenital inveterate hip dislocation. J Orthop Traumatol. 2003;4:50-52.

46. Frank RM, Biswas D, Levine BR. Fracture of a dual-modular femoral component at the stem-sleeve junction in a metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2014;43:E57-60.

47. Gabbar OA, Rajan RA, Londhe S, Hyde ID. Ten- to twelve-year follow-up of the Furlong hydroxyapatite-coated femoral stem and threaded acetabular cup in patients younger than 65 years. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:413–417.

48. Garcia-Rey E, Munoz T, Montejo J, Martinez J. Results of a hydroxyapatite-coated modular femoral stem in primary total hip arthroplasty. A minimum 5-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:1132–1139.

49. Garg B, Mittal R, Rastogi S. Femoral prosthesis neck fracture following total hip arthroplasty: a case report. Acta Orthop Belg. 2011;77:406–409.

50. Garrett SJ, Bolland BJ, Yates PJ, Gardner EM, Latham JM. Femoral revision in hip resurfacing compared with large-bearing metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26:1214–1218.

51. Gerhardt DM, Bisseling P, de Visser E, van Susante JL. Modular necks in primary hip arthroplasty without anatomical deformity: no clear benefit on restoration of hip geometry and dislocation rate. An exploratory study. J Arthroplasty. 2014 Feb 10 [Epub ahead of print].

52. Gilbert JL, Buckley CA, Jacobs JJ, Bertin KC, Zernich MR. Intergranular corrosion-fatigue failure of cobalt-alloy femoral stems. A failure analysis of two implants. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76:110–115.

53. Gill IP, Webb J, Sloan K, Beaver RJ. Corrosion at the neck-stem junction as a cause of metal ion release and pseudotumour formation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94:895-900.

54. Glynn A, Connolly P, McCormack D, O’Byrne J. Use of a cementless modular implant for arthroplasty in developmental dysplasia of the hip: early results. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2005;15:105-108.

55. Goldberg VM, Ninomiya J, Kelly G, Kraay M. Hybrid total hip arthroplasty: a 7- to 11-year followup. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1996;333:147–154.

56. Gosheger G, Hillmann A, Rodl R, Ozaki T, Gebert C, Winkelmann W. Stump lengthening after hip disarticulation using a modular endoprosthesis in 5 patients. Acta Orthop Scand. 2001;72:533–536.

57. Grupp TM, Weik T, Bloemer W, Knaebel H-P. Modular titanium alloy neck adapter failures in hip replacement--failure mode analysis and influence of implant material. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11:3.

58. Hasegawa M, Yoshida K, Wakabayashi H, Sudo A. Pseudotumor with dominant B- lymphocyte infiltration after metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty with a modular cup. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:493.e5-7.

59. Heisel C, Bernd L. Early results after reconstruction of defects at the lower limb with MUTARS-megaprosthesis. Int Orthop. 2000;30:452-457.

60. Helwig U, Bretschneider W, Kotz R. Femoral cortical sleeve in revision arthroplasty. 24 patients followed 2-10 years. Acta Orthop Scand. 1996;67:424–430.

61. Hohman DW, Affonso J, Anders M. Ceramic-on-ceramic failure secondary to head-neck taper mismatch. Am J. Orthop. 2011;40:571–573.

62. Holt G, McCaul J, Jones B, Ingram R, Stark A. Outcome after femoral revision using the restoration cone/conical femoral revision stem. Orthopedics. 2011;34:11.

63. Hosny HA, Srinivasan SC, Keenan J, Fekry H. Midterm results with Birmingham Hip Resurfacing/Synergy stem modular metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty. Acta Orthop Belg. 2013;79:386–391.

64. Hsu AR, Gross CE, Levine BR. Pseudotumor from modular neck corrosion after ceramic-on- polyethylene total hip arthroplasty. Am J Orthop. 2012;41:422–426.

65. Huo MH, Fye MA, Martin RP, Zatorski LE, Keggi KJ. Unsatisfactory results of a first- generation modular femoral stem implanted without cement. A 4- to 9-year follow-up study. J Arthroplasty. 1997;12:490–496.

66. Huot Carlson JC, Van Citters DW, Currier JH, Bryant AM, Mayor MB, Collier JP. Femoral stem fracture and in vivo corrosion of retrieved modular femoral hips. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:1389-1396. 67. Hutt JR, Aweid O, Khaleel A. Uncemented hemiarthroplasty for fractured neck of femur: a consecutive series with a single prosthesis. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2011;21:517-520.

68. Irie T, Oyama M, Kita A, Sakamoto T, Funayama K. Medium-term result of Elite Plus hip arthroplasty: the second modular evolution of the original Charnley low-friction arthroplasty. J Orthop Sci. 2012;17:699-704.

69. Ishaque BA, Sturz H, Basad E. Fatigue fracture of a short stem hip replacement: a failure analysis with electron microscopy and review of the literature. J Arthroplasty. 2011;26:665.e17- 20.

70. Ito H, Matsuno T, Aok Y, Minami A. Total hip arthroplasty using an Omniflex modular system: 5 to 12 years followup. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;419:98-106.

71. Jergesen HE, Karlen JW. Clinical outcome in total hip arthroplasty using a cemented titanium femoral prosthesis. J Arthroplasty. 2002;17:592–599.

72. Jibodh SR, Schwarzkopf R, Anthony SG, Malchau H, Dempsey KE, Estok DM 2nd. Revision hip arthroplasty with a modular cementless stem: mid-term follow up. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:1167–1172.

73. Kang JS, Moon KH, Kim RS, Park SR, Lee JS, Shin SH. Total hip arthroplasty using S- ROM prosthesis for dysplastic hip. Yonsei Med J. 2011;52:655–660.

74. Kang MN, Huddleston JI, Hwang K, Imrie S, Goodman SB. Early outcome of a modular femoral component in revision total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:220–225.

75. Karaismailoglu TN, Tomak Y, Gulman B. Late detachment modular femoral component after primary total hip replacement. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2001;121:481–482.

76. Kendrick BJ, Wilson HA, Lippett JE, McAndrew AR, Andrade AJ. Corail uncemented hemiarthroplasty with a Cathcart head for intracapsular hip fractures. Bone Joint J. 2013;95:1538–1543.

77. Kim S-M, Lim S-J, Moon Y-W, Kim Y-T, Ko K-R, Park Y-S. Cementless modular total hip arthroplasty in patients younger than fifty with femoral head osteonecrosis: minimum fifteen- year follow-up. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:504–509.

78. Kindsfater KA, Politi JR, Dennis DA, Sychterz Terefenko CJ. The incidence of femoral component version change in primary THA using the S-ROM femoral component. Orthopedics. 2011;34.

79. Kindsfater KA, Sychterz Terefenko CJ, Gruen TA, Sherman CM. Minimum 5-year results of modular metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:545–550.

80. Klauser W, Bangert Y, Lubinus P, Kendoff D. Medium-term follow-up of a modular tapered noncemented titanium stem in revision total hip arthroplasty: a single-surgeon experience. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:84–89. 81. Kop AM, Keogh C, Swarts E. Proximal component modularity in THA--at what cost? An implant retrieval study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:1885–1894.

82. Koster G, Walde TA, Willert H-G. Five- to 10-year results using a noncemented modular revision stem without bone grafting. J Arthroplasty. 2008;23:964–970.

83. Kouzelis A, Georgiou CS, Megas P. Dissociation of modular total hip arthroplasty at the neck-stem interface without dislocation. J Orthop Traumatol. 2012;13:221–224.

84. Kwong LM, Miller AJ, Lubinus P. A modular distal fixation option for proximal bone loss in revision total hip arthroplasty: a 2- to 6-year follow-up study. J Arthroplasty. 2003;18:94–97.

85. Lakstein D, Backstein D, Safir O, Kosashvili Y, Gross AE. Revision total hip arthroplasty with a porous-coated modular stem: 5 to 10 years follow-up. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:1310–1315.

86. Lakstein D, Eliaz N, Levi O, Backstein D, Kosashvili Y, Safir O, Gross AE. Fracture of cementless femoral stems at the mid-stem junction in modular revision hip arthroplasty systems. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93:57-65.

87. Lakstein D, Kosashvili Y, Backstein D, Safir O, Lee P, Gross AE. Revision total hip arthroplasty with a modular tapered stem. Hip Int. 2010;20:136–142.

88. Lam L-O, Stoffel K, Kop A, Swarts E. Catastrophic failure of 4 cobalt-alloy Omnifit hip arthroplasty femoral components. Acta Orthop. 2008;79:18-21.

89. Lardanchet J-F, Taviaux J, Arnalsteen D, Gabrion A, Mertl P. One-year prospective comparative study of three large-diameter metal-on-metal total hip prostheses: serum metal ion levels and clinical outcomes. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2012;98:265–274.

90. Laursen JO, Mossing NB, Myrthue G. Mid-term results with the Porous-Coated Anatomic hip prosthesis with 28mm head. An eight to twelve year follow-up of 39 hips. Hip Int. 2003;13:12-18.

91. Le D, Smith K, Tanzer D, Tanzer M. Modular femoral sleeve and stem implant provides long-term total hip survivorship. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:508-513.

92. Lieberman JR, Rimnac CM, Garvin KL, Klein RW, Salvati EA. An analysis of the head-neck taper interface in retrieved hip prostheses. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1994;300:162–167.

93. Lindgren JU, Brismar BH, Wikstrom AC. Adverse reaction to metal release from a modular metal-on-polyethylene hip prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011;93:1427–1430.

94. Lombardi AV. Case studies in management of THA failure secondary to taper corrosion, modular junctions and metal-on-metal bearings. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:663–667.

95. Lopez-Duran Stern L, Cabadas MI, Fernandez-Fernandez-Arroyo JM, Zarzoso R, Sanchez- Barbero JC, Granado J. LD hip arthroplasty. Design concepts and first clinical trials of a new modular system. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;283:29-48.

96. Loubignac F, Rebouillat J. Advantages of the bimodular neck for THR: results of the first 100 Helianthe femoral stems to at least 5-year follow-up. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2005;15:90-100.

97. Madsen WY, Mitchell BS, Kates SL. Successful intraoperative retrieval of dislocated femoral trial head during total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2012;27:820.e9-11.

98. Mann MA, Tanzer D, Tanzer M. Severe metal-induced osteolysis many years after unipolar hip endoprosthesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471:2078–2082.

99. Mannan K, Freeman MA, Scott G. The Freeman femoral component with hydroxyapatite coating and retention of the neck: an update with a minimum follow-up of 17 years. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92:480-485.

100. Martin JR, Trousdale RT. Unique failure mechanism of a femoral component after revision total hip arthroplasty. Orthopedics. 2013;36:e1327–1329.

101. Mathiesen EB, Lindgren JU, Blomgren GG, Reinholt FP. Corrosion of modular hip prostheses. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991;73:569–575.

102. McCarthy JC, Lee J-A. Complex revision total hip arthroplasty with modular stems at a mean of 14 years. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007;465:166–169.

103. McInnis DP, Horne G, Devane PA. Femoral revision with a fluted, tapered, modular stem seventy patients followed for a mean of 3.9 years. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21:372–380.

104. Meftah M, Haleem AM, Burn MB, Smith KM, Incavo SJ. Early corrosion-related failure of the Rejuvenate modular total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:481–487.

105. Messana J, Adelani M, Goodman SB. Case report: pseudotumor associated with corrosion of a femoral component with a modular neck and a ceramic-on-polyethylene bearing. J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2014;24:1-5.

106. Meyer H, Mueller T, Goldau G, Chamaon K, Ruetschi M, Lohmann CH. Corrosion at the cone/taper interface leads to failure of large-diameter metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470:3101–3108.

107. Molloy DO, Munir S, Jack CM, Cross MB, Walter WL, Walter WK. Fretting and corrosion in modular-neck total hip arthroplasty femoral stems. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96:488-493.

108. Mont MA, Yoon TR, Krackow KA, Hungerford DS. Clinical experience with a proximally porous-coated second-generation cementless total hip prosthesis: minimum 5-year follow-up. J Arthroplasty. 1999;14:930–939.

109. Moores TS, Blackwell JR, Chatterton BD, Eisenstein N. Disassociation at the head-trunnion interface: an unseen complication of modular hip hemiarthroplasty. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Oct 3 [Epub ahead of print]. pii: bcr2013200387.

110. Morris HG, Capanna R, Campanacci D, Del Ben M, Gasbarrini A. Modular endoprosthetic replacement after total resection of the femur for malignant tumour. Int Orthop. 1994;18:90-95.

111. Mumme T, Muller-Rath R, Andereya S, Wirtz DC. Uncemented femoral revision arthroplasty using the modular revision prosthesis. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2007;19:56-77.

112. Munro JT, Garbuz DS, Masri BA, Duncan CP. Role and results of tapered fluted modular titanium stems in revision total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(Suppl A):58-60.

113. Murray RC, Horne JG. Medium-term outcome of titanium uncemented stems in revision total hip arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2011;19:164–168.

114. Neumann D, Thaler C, Dorn U. Management of Vancouver B2 and B3 femoral periprosthetic fractures using a modular cementless stem without allografting. Int Orthop. 2012;36:1045–1050.

115. Nikratowicz P, Wozniak W, Kluczynski M, Wierusz-Kozlowska M. [Early results of revision hip arthroplasty using modular Restoration stem] [in Polish]. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 2011;76:286–290.

116. Norman P, Iyengar S, Svensson I, Flivik G. Fatigue fracture in dual modular revision total hip arthroplasty stems: failure analysis and computed tomography diagnostics in two cases. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29:850–855.

117. Ogawa H, Ito Y, Shinozaki M, Matsumoto K, Shimizu K. Subtrochanteric transverse shortening osteotomy in cementless total hip arthroplasty achieved using a modular stem. Orthopedics. 2011;34:170.

118. Onodera S, Majima T, Ito H, Matsuno T, Kishimoto T, Minami A. Cementless total hip arthroplasty using the modular S-ROM prosthesis combined with corrective proximal femoral osteotomy. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21:664–669.

119. Ovesen O, Emmeluth C, Hofbauer C, Overgaard S. Revision total hip arthroplasty using a modular tapered stem with distal fixation: good short-term results in 125 revisions. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25:348–354.

120. Palumbo BT, Morrison KL, Baumgarten AS, Stein MI, Haidukewych GJ, Bernasek TL. Results of revision total hip arthroplasty with modular, titanium-tapered femoral stems in severe proximal metaphyseal and diaphyseal bone loss. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:690–694.

121. Park M-S, Lee J-H, Park J-H, Ham D-H, Rhee Y-K. A distal fluted, proximal modular femoral prosthesis in revision hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25:932–938.

122. Patel A, Bliss J, Calfee RP, Froehlich J, Limbird R. Modular femoral stem-sleeve junction failure after primary total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24:1143.e1-5. 123. Pattyn C, Mulliez A, Verdonk R, Audenaert E. Revision hip arthroplasty using a cementless modular tapered stem. Int Orthop. 2012;36:35-41.

124. Philippe MP, Martin E, Hummer J, Gacon G, Dambreville A, Ray A. The ESOP-HA modular cementless femoral stem: a study of the results of 165 hip arthroplasties with a minimum of 10-year follow-up. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2005;15:275-285.

125. Philippot R, Delangle F, Verdot F-X, Farizon F, Fessy M-H. Femoral deficiency reconstruction using a hydroxyapatite-coated locked modular stem. A series of 43 total hip revisions. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2009;95:119–126.

126. Rasquinha VJ, Dua V, Rodriguez JA, Ranawat CS. Fifteen-year survivorship of a collarless, cemented, normalized femoral stem in primary hybrid total hip arthroplasty with a modified third-generation cement technique. J Arthroplasty. 2003;18(Suppl 1):86-94.

127. Regis D, Sandri A, Bonetti I. Long-term results of femoral revision with the Wagner Self- Locking stem. Surg Technol Int. 2013;23:243–250.

128. Restrepo C, Mashadi M, Parvizi J, Austin MS, Hozack WJ. Modular femoral stems for revision total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2011;469:476–482.

129. Richards CJ, Duncan CP, Masri BA, Garbuz DS. Femoral revision hip arthroplasty: a comparison of two stem designs. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2010;468:491–496.

130. Rodrigues DC, Urban RM, Jacobs JJ, Gilbert JL. In vivo severe corrosion and hydrogen embrittlement of retrieved modular body titanium alloy hip-implants. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2009;88:206-219.

131. Sadiq S, Hucker J, McCarthy ID, Hughes SPF. Five to seven years survival analysis of a modular titanium alloy stem primary total hip replacement. Hip Int. 2001;11:151-159.

132. Sakai T, Ohzono K, Nishii T, Miki H, Takao M, Sugano N. A modular femoral neck and head system works well in cementless total hip replacement for patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010;92:770–776.

133. Schuh A, Werber S, Holzwarth U, Zeiler G. Cementless modular hip revision arthroplasty using the MRP Titan Revision Stem: outcome of 79 hips after an average of 4 years’ follow-up. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004;124:306–309.

134. Sharma SC, Devgan A, Marya KM, Yadav V. Spontaneous reduction of dissociated components of modular bipolar hip prosthesis--a case report. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2003;13:50-51.

135. Shiga T, Mori M, Hayashida T, Fujiwara Y, Ogura T. Disassembly of a modular femoral component after femoral head prosthetic replacement. J Arthroplasty. 2010;25:659.e17–19.

136. Smith JA, Dunn HK, Manaster BJ. Cementless femoral revision arthroplasty: 2- to 5-year results with a modular titanium alloy stem. J Arthroplasty. 1997;12:194-201. 137. Sotereanos NG, Sauber TJ, Tupis TT. Modular femoral neck fracture after primary total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28:196.e7-9.

138. Sporer SM, DellaValle C, Jacobs J, Wimmer M. A case of disassociation of a modular femoral neck trunion after total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2006;21:918–921.

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