Chapter 18 Textbook Review pg. 621-622 (#1-25)
(1) Some bacteria produce poisons called:
B – toxins
(2) Antibodies are produces by:
B – B Cells
(3) A chemical that kills bacteria or slows their growth without harming body cells is called a(n)
b- antibiotic
(4) High levels of glucose in the blood may be a sign of:
D – diabetes
(5) A carcinogen causes
A - cancer
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true.
(6) Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists are the major human phagocytes.
PATHOGENS
(7) A T cell engulfs pathogens and destroys them.
Phagocyte (white blood cell)
(8) Vaccination produces active immunity.
TRUE
(9) During an allergic reaction, cells in the body release the chemical insulin. Chapter 18 Textbook Review pg. 621-622 (#1-25)
HISTAMINE
(10) A tumor is a mass of cancer cells.
TRUE
(11) List four ways in which a person can become infected with a pathogen.
Through contact with an infected person; soil, food, or water; a contaminated object; or an infected animal
(12) Explain why it is difficult for pathogens to get to a part of the body in which they can cause disease.
The body has a natural system of barriers to keep pathogens out. The skin, breathing passage, the mouth and stomach trap and kill most pathogens.
(13) What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies?
B cells produce antibodies in response to specific antigens on pathogens; antibodies attach to antigens and prevent the pathogens from attacking cells.
(14) Describe two ways in which active immunity is acquired. What do they have in common?
Active immunity is acquired when a person contracts a disease or receives a vaccination. In both, a person’s immune system produces antibodies in response to a pathogen.
(15) How does diabetes harm the body?
Diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin or the inability of ells to use insulin. This prevents body cells from properly absorbing and using glucose.
(16) Identify two factors that can make a person likely to develop cancer.
Inherited factors and exposure to environmental carcinogens can increase the likelihood of cancer.
Thinking Critically
(17) Can you catch a cold by sitting in a chilly draft? Explain.
You can’t catch a cold from a chilly draft alone. If there is a virus in the draft from someone sneezing, then yes, you would possibly catch a cold from the virus. Chapter 18 Textbook Review pg. 621-622 (#1-25)
(18) Identify each structure labeled below and its role in the immune response.
A) B cell, produces antibodies
B) Antibody, recognizes and destroys pathogens
C) antigen, structure on pathogen recognized by an antibody.
(19) Why is the immune system successful in fighting most pathogens but is unsuccessful in fighting HIV?
The immune system cannot fight HIV because the virus directly attacks T Cells, and weakens the body’s immune response. The body loses its ability to produces antibodies that fight specific diseases.
(20) Compare and contrast active immunity and passive immunity. Then, describe one way in which a person can acquire each type of immunity.
Active immunity is a process in which antibodies are produced by a person’s own immune system in response to the presence of a pathogen. In passive immunity, antibodies come from a source together than the person’s body. Active immunity can be acquired by vaccination( or by contracting and recovering from a disease); passive immunity can be acquired by an unborn baby from its mother (or by injection of antibodies).
(21) What precautions can people take to decrease their risk of cancer?
To reduce the risk of cancer, people can avoid carcinogens such as those found in tobacco. People can also have regular medical checkups, which would help in detecting cancers earlier.
Use the graph to answer Questions 22–25. Chapter 18 Textbook Review pg. 621-622 (#1-25)
A glucose tolerance test can check for diabetes. A doctor gives a patient a sugar drink and measures the blood glucose level over a 2 hour period. The graph below shows the results of this test for two people.
(22) What was each person’s glucose level at the start of the test?
Person A: 75 mg/dL; Person B: 125 mg/dL
(23) Which person’s blood glucose level rose more quickly during the first 30 minutes?
Person B’s blood glucose level rose more quickly
(24) Which person’s blood glucose level returned to near the starting level after 2 hours? Which person’s blood glucose level remained elevated after 2 hours?
Person A’S blood glucose level returned to near the starting level after two hours. Person B’s level remained level.
(25) Which person may have diabetes? Explain your answer.
Person B may have diabetes because the blood glucose level remained high two hours after drinking the sugar drink. The high level indicates that glucose is not being taken up by the cells.