Light, Color, and Atmospheric Optics
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1 LIGHT PHYSICS Light and Lighting Francesco Anselmo Light Intro Light Animates and Reveals Architecture
1 LIGHT PHYSICS Light and Lighting Francesco Anselmo Light intro Light animates and reveals architecture. Architecture cannot fully exist without light, since without light there would be nothing to see. Yet in architectural design light is usually either expected from nature or developed as an add-on attachment very late in the design process. The course explores the symbiotic relationship between architecture and light. As much as light can reveal architecture, architecture can animate light, making it bounce, scatter, refract, altering its spectrum and colour perception, absorbing it or reflecting it, modulating its path and strength in both space and time. It aims at developing a sensibility and intuition to the qualities of light, whilst giving the physical and computational tools to explore and validate design ideas. 4 7 1 2 5 3 6 1 LIGHT PHYSICS 4 LIGHT ELECTRIC 7 LIGHT CONNECTED 2 LIGHT BIOLOGY 5 LIGHT ARCHITECTURE 3 LIGHT NATURAL 6 LIGHT VIRTUAL Reading list Books Free online resources Bachelard, Gaston. The poetics of space, Beacon Press 1992 • http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/ligcon.html Banham, Reyner. The architecture of the well-tempered Environment, Chicago University Press 1984 • http://thedaylightsite.com/ Bazerman, Charles. The languages of Edison’s light, MIT Press 2002 Berger, John. Ways of seeing, Pearson Education, Limited, 2002 • http://issuu.com/lightonline/docs/handbook-of-lighting-design Berger, John. About looking, Bloomsbury Publishing 2009 • http://www.radiance-online.org/ Bluhm, Andreas. Light! The industrial age 1750-1900, Carnegie Museum of Art 2000 Boyce, Peter R. Human Factors in Lighting, Taylor & Francis 2003 Calvino, Italo. -
Photochemically Driven Collapse of Titan's Atmosphere
REPORTS has escaped, the surface temperature again Photochemically Driven Collapse decreases, down to about 86 K, slightly of Titan’s Atmosphere above the equilibrium temperature, because of the slight greenhouse effect resulting Ralph D. Lorenz,* Christopher P. McKay, Jonathan I. Lunine from the N2 opacity below (longward of) 200 cm21. Saturn’s giant moon Titan has a thick (1.5 bar) nitrogen atmosphere, which has a These calculations assume the present temperature structure that is controlled by the absorption of solar and thermal radiation solar constant of 15.6 W m22 and a surface by methane, hydrogen, and organic aerosols into which methane is irreversibly converted albedo of 0.2 and ignore the effects of N2 by photolysis. Previous studies of Titan’s climate evolution have been done with the condensation. As noted in earlier studies assumption that the methane abundance was maintained against photolytic depletion (5), when the atmosphere cools during the throughout Titan’s history, either by continuous supply from the interior or by buffering CH4 depletion, the model temperature at by a surface or near surface reservoir. Radiative-convective and radiative-saturated some altitudes in the atmosphere (here, at equilibrium models of Titan’s atmosphere show that methane depletion may have al- ;10 km for 20% CH4 surface humidity) lowed Titan’s atmosphere to cool so that nitrogen, its main constituent, condenses onto becomes lower than the saturation temper- the surface, collapsing Titan into a Triton-like frozen state with a thin atmosphere. -
Moons Phases and Tides
Moon’s Phases and Tides Moon Phases Half of the Moon is always lit up by the sun. As the Moon orbits the Earth, we see different parts of the lighted area. From Earth, the lit portion we see of the moon waxes (grows) and wanes (shrinks). The revolution of the Moon around the Earth makes the Moon look as if it is changing shape in the sky The Moon passes through four major shapes during a cycle that repeats itself every 29.5 days. The phases always follow one another in the same order: New moon Waxing Crescent First quarter Waxing Gibbous Full moon Waning Gibbous Third (last) Quarter Waning Crescent • IF LIT FROM THE RIGHT, IT IS WAXING OR GROWING • IF DARKENING FROM THE RIGHT, IT IS WANING (SHRINKING) Tides • The Moon's gravitational pull on the Earth cause the seas and oceans to rise and fall in an endless cycle of low and high tides. • Much of the Earth's shoreline life depends on the tides. – Crabs, starfish, mussels, barnacles, etc. – Tides caused by the Moon • The Earth's tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon. • The Earth bulges slightly both toward and away from the Moon. -As the Earth rotates daily, the bulges move across the Earth. • The moon pulls strongly on the water on the side of Earth closest to the moon, causing the water to bulge. • It also pulls less strongly on Earth and on the water on the far side of Earth, which results in tides. What causes tides? • Tides are the rise and fall of ocean water. -
Download the DIA Color Chart
DEMI-PERMANENT HAIRCOLOR 2 COMPLIMENTARY LINES OF HAIRCOLOR Each with its own benefit & expertise both provide maximum creativity & freedom ADVANCED ALKALINE TECHNOLOGY GENTLE ACID TECHNOLOGY HIGH PERFORMANCE HIGH PERFORMANCE • Demi-permanent crème • Luminous demi-permanent gel-crème • Rich tones, exceptional softness • Zero lift • Covers up to 70% grey • Intense care for the hair THE PROCESS THE PROCESS • Lifts (up to 1.5 Levels with 15-vol), then deposits • Zero lift, deposit only BEFORE COLOR DURING COLOR AFTER COLOR BEFORE COLOR DURING COLOR AFTER COLOR On natural hair, the cuticle The alkaline agents slightly open DIA Richesse has the ability to lighten up On color-treated & DIA Light has an acid The cationic polymers in scales are closed. the hair fiber allowing colorants to 1.5 levels, cover up to 70% white hair sensitized hair, the cuticle pH close to the natural pH of the hair. DIA Light have a resurfacing to penetrate the cuticle. & create rich, profound tones. scales are already open. effect on the cuticle, leaving There is no lift with gentle penetration the hair with amazing shine. of colorants for long lasting color. ADVANCED ALKALINE TECHNOLOGY ADVANCED ALKALINE TECHNOLOGY HIGH PERFORMANCE • Demi-permanent crème • Rich tones, exceptional softness • Covers up to 70% grey THE PROCESS • Lifts (up to 1.5 Levels with 15-vol), then deposits BEFORE COLOR DURING COLOR AFTER COLOR On natural hair, the cuticle The alkaline agents slightly open DIA Richesse has the ability to lighten scales are closed. the hair fiber allowing colorants up to 1.5 levels, cover up to 70% white to penetrate the cuticle. -
WHITE LIGHT and COLORED LIGHT Grades K–5
WHITE LIGHT AND COLORED LIGHT grades K–5 Objective This activity offers two simple ways to demonstrate that white light is made of different colors of light mixed together. The first uses special glasses to reveal the colors that make up white light. The second involves spinning a colorful top to blend different colors into white. Together, these activities can be thought of as taking white light apart and putting it back together again. Introduction The Sun, the stars, and a light bulb are all sources of “white” light. But what is white light? What we see as white light is actually a combination of all visible colors of light mixed together. Astronomers spread starlight into a rainbow or spectrum to study the specific colors of light it contains. The colors hidden in white starlight can reveal what the star is made of and how hot it is. The tool astronomers use to spread light into a spectrum is called a spectroscope. But many things, such as glass prisms and water droplets, can also separate white light into a rainbow of colors. After it rains, there are often lots of water droplets in the air. White sunlight passing through these droplets is spread apart into its component colors, creating a rainbow. In this activity, you will view the rainbow of colors contained in white light by using a pair of “Rainbow Glasses” that separate white light into a spectrum. ! SAFETY NOTE These glasses do NOT protect your eyes from the Sun. NEVER LOOK AT THE SUN! Background Reading for Educators Light: Its Secrets Revealed, available at http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/pdf/du_x01_light.pdf Developed with the generous support of The Charles Hayden Foundation WHITE LIGHT AND COLORED LIGHT Materials Rainbow Glasses Possible white light sources: (paper glasses containing a Incandescent light bulb diffraction grating). -
Project Horizon Report
Volume I · SUMMARY AND SUPPORTING CONSIDERATIONS UNITED STATES · ARMY CRD/I ( S) Proposal t c• Establish a Lunar Outpost (C) Chief of Ordnance ·cRD 20 Mar 1 95 9 1. (U) Reference letter to Chief of Ordnance from Chief of Research and Devel opment, subject as above. 2. (C) Subsequent t o approval by t he Chief of Staff of reference, repre sentatives of the Army Ballistic ~tissiles Agency indicat e d that supplementar y guidance would· be r equired concerning the scope of the preliminary investigation s pecified in the reference. In particular these r epresentatives requested guidance concerning the source of funds required to conduct the investigation. 3. (S) I envision expeditious development o! the proposal to establish a lunar outpost to be of critical innportance t o the p. S . Army of the future. This eva luation i s appar ently shar ed by the Chief of Staff in view of his expeditious a pproval and enthusiastic endorsement of initiation of the study. Therefore, the detail to be covered by the investigation and the subs equent plan should be as com plete a s is feas ible in the tin1e limits a llowed and within the funds currently a vailable within t he office of t he Chief of Ordnance. I n this time of limited budget , additional monies are unavailable. Current. programs have been scrutinized r igidly and identifiable "fat'' trimmed awa y. Thus high study costs are prohibitive at this time , 4. (C) I leave it to your discretion t o determine the source and the amount of money to be devoted to this purpose. -
ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. -
Atmospheric Optics Learning Module
Atmospheric Optics Learning Module Everything we see is the reflection of light and without light, everything would be dark. In this learning module, we will discuss the various wavelengths of light and how it is transmitted through Earth’s atmosphere to explain fascinating optical phenomena including why the sky is blue and how rainbows form! To get started, watch this video describing energy in the form of waves. A sundog and halo display in Greenland. Electromagnetic Spectrum (0 – 6:30) Source Electromagnetic Spectrum Electromagnetic (EM) radiation is light. Light you might see in a rainbow, or better yet, a double rainbow such as the one seen in Figure 1. But it is also radio waves, x-rays, and gamma rays. It is incredibly important because there are only two ways we can move energy from place to place. The first is using what is called a particle, or an object moving from place to place. The second way to move energy is through a wave. The interesting thing about EM radiation is that it is both a particle and a wave 1. Figure 1. Double rainbow Source 1 Created by Tyra Brown, Nicole Riemer, Eric Snodgrass and Anna Ortiz at the University of Illinois at Urbana- This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Champaign. 2015-2016. Supported by the National Science Foundation CAREER Grant #1254428. There are many frequencies of EM radiation that we cannot see. So if we change the frequency, we might have radio waves, which we cannot see, but they are all around us! The same goes for x-rays you might get if you break a bone. -
Links to Education Standards • Introduction to Exoplanets • Glossary of Terms • Classroom Activities Table of Contents Photo © Michael Malyszko Photo © Michael
an Educator’s Guid E INSIDE • Links to Education Standards • Introduction to Exoplanets • Glossary of Terms • Classroom Activities Table of Contents Photo © Michael Malyszko Photo © Michael For The TeaCher About This Guide .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Connections to Education Standards ................................................................................................... 5 Show Synopsis .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Meet the “Stars” of the Show .................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction to Exoplanets: The Basics .................................................................................................. 9 Delving Deeper: Teaching with the Show ................................................................................................13 Glossary of Terms ..........................................................................................................................................24 Online Learning Tools ..................................................................................................................................26 Exoplanets in the News ..............................................................................................................................27 During -
Physics, Chapter 40: Light As a Wave Motion
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Robert Katz Publications Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy 1-1958 Physics, Chapter 40: Light as a Wave Motion Henry Semat City College of New York Robert Katz University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/physicskatz Part of the Physics Commons Semat, Henry and Katz, Robert, "Physics, Chapter 40: Light as a Wave Motion" (1958). Robert Katz Publications. 177. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/physicskatz/177 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Research Papers in Physics and Astronomy at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Robert Katz Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 40 Light as a Wave Motion 40-1 Wave Versus Particle Let us recount some of the characteristics of the motion of particles and the propagation of waves, with a view toward analyzing the behavior of light. In accordance with Newton's first law, a particle moves in a straight-line path in the absence of external forces. Thus we might infer, as Newton suggested, that light is composed of particles, and that, in a continuous medium, there is no deflecting force on the light particles. At the interface between two media, light may be propagated in a straight line parallel to the interface. Thus even at an interface there is no force on the particles of light unless the light passes through the interface, and in that event the force acting must be perpendicular to the interface. -
Atmospheric Optics
53 Atmospheric Optics Craig F. Bohren Pennsylvania State University, Department of Meteorology, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA Phone: (814) 466-6264; Fax: (814) 865-3663; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Colors of the sky and colored displays in the sky are mostly a consequence of selective scattering by molecules or particles, absorption usually being irrelevant. Molecular scattering selective by wavelength – incident sunlight of some wavelengths being scattered more than others – but the same in any direction at all wavelengths gives rise to the blue of the sky and the red of sunsets and sunrises. Scattering by particles selective by direction – different in different directions at a given wavelength – gives rise to rainbows, coronas, iridescent clouds, the glory, sun dogs, halos, and other ice-crystal displays. The size distribution of these particles and their shapes determine what is observed, water droplets and ice crystals, for example, resulting in distinct displays. To understand the variation and color and brightness of the sky as well as the brightness of clouds requires coming to grips with multiple scattering: scatterers in an ensemble are illuminated by incident sunlight and by the scattered light from each other. The optical properties of an ensemble are not necessarily those of its individual members. Mirages are a consequence of the spatial variation of coherent scattering (refraction) by air molecules, whereas the green flash owes its existence to both coherent scattering by molecules and incoherent scattering -
A Physically-Based Night Sky Model Henrik Wann Jensen1 Fredo´ Durand2 Michael M
To appear in the SIGGRAPH conference proceedings A Physically-Based Night Sky Model Henrik Wann Jensen1 Fredo´ Durand2 Michael M. Stark3 Simon Premozeˇ 3 Julie Dorsey2 Peter Shirley3 1Stanford University 2Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3University of Utah Abstract 1 Introduction This paper presents a physically-based model of the night sky for In this paper, we present a physically-based model of the night sky realistic image synthesis. We model both the direct appearance for image synthesis, and demonstrate it in the context of a Monte of the night sky and the illumination coming from the Moon, the Carlo ray tracer. Our model includes the appearance and illumi- stars, the zodiacal light, and the atmosphere. To accurately predict nation of all significant sources of natural light in the night sky, the appearance of night scenes we use physically-based astronomi- except for rare or unpredictable phenomena such as aurora, comets, cal data, both for position and radiometry. The Moon is simulated and novas. as a geometric model illuminated by the Sun, using recently mea- The ability to render accurately the appearance of and illumi- sured elevation and albedo maps, as well as a specialized BRDF. nation from the night sky has a wide range of existing and poten- For visible stars, we include the position, magnitude, and temper- tial applications, including film, planetarium shows, drive and flight ature of the star, while for the Milky Way and other nebulae we simulators, and games. In addition, the night sky as a natural phe- use a processed photograph. Zodiacal light due to scattering in the nomenon of substantial visual interest is worthy of study simply for dust covering the solar system, galactic light, and airglow due to its intrinsic beauty.