1 LIGHT PHYSICS Light and Lighting Francesco Anselmo Light Intro Light Animates and Reveals Architecture

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1 LIGHT PHYSICS Light and Lighting Francesco Anselmo Light intro Light animates and reveals architecture. Architecture cannot fully exist without light, since without light there would be nothing to see.

Yet in architectural design light is usually either expected from nature or developed as an add-on attachment very late in the design process.

The course explores the symbiotic relationship between architecture and light. As much as light can reveal architecture, architecture can animate light, making it bounce, scatter, refract, altering its spectrum and colour perception, absorbing it or reﬂecting it, modulating its path and strength in both space and time.

It aims at developing a sensibility and intuition to the qualities of light, whilst giving the physical and computational tools to explore and validate design ideas. 4 7 1 2 5 3 6

1 LIGHT PHYSICS 4 LIGHT ELECTRIC 7 LIGHT CONNECTED 2 LIGHT BIOLOGY 5 LIGHT ARCHITECTURE 3 LIGHT NATURAL 6 LIGHT VIRTUAL Reading list Books Free online resources Bachelard, Gaston. The poetics of space, Beacon Press 1992 • http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/ligcon.html Banham, Reyner. The architecture of the well-tempered Environment, Chicago University Press 1984 • http://thedaylightsite.com/ Bazerman, Charles. The languages of Edison’s light, MIT Press 2002 Berger, John. Ways of seeing, Pearson Education, Limited, 2002 • http://issuu.com/lightonline/docs/handbook-of-lighting-design Berger, John. About looking, Bloomsbury Publishing 2009 • http://www.radiance-online.org/ Bluhm, Andreas. Light! The industrial age 1750-1900, Carnegie Museum of Art 2000 Boyce, Peter R. Human Factors in Lighting, Taylor & Francis 2003 Calvino, Italo. 6 Memos for the Next Millennium, Vintage 1996 Casati, Roberto. The shadow club: the greatest mystery in the universe - shadows - and the thinkers who unlocked their secrets, Diane Publishing Company, 2006 Cuttle, Christopher. Lighting design: a perception-based approach, Publisher Routledge, 2015 Cruz-Diez, Carlos. Reflection on Colour, Fundacion Juan March 2009 Duston, Claudia. Light volumes, dark matters, Helen Hamlyn Research Centre, 2010 Gibson, James J. The ecological approach to visual perception, Psychology Press 1986 Gregory, R L. Eye and brain, the psychology of seeing, Littlehampton Book Services Ltd 1977 Ings, Simon. The eye: a natural history, Bloomsbury Publishing 2008 Lam, William M C. Perception and lighting as formgivers for architecture, McGraw-Hill 1977 Lockley, Steven W., G. Foster, Russell. Sleep: a very short introduction, Volume 295 of Very Short Introductions, OUP Oxford, 2012 Lowell Ross. Matters of light & depth: creating memorable images for video, film & stills through lighting, Broad Street Books, 1992 Millet Marietta S. Light Revealing Architecture, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1996 Minnaert M. The nature of light and colour in the open air, Courier Corporation, 1954-2013 Pallasmaa Juhani. The eyes of the skin: architecture and the senses, John Wiley & Sons 2012 Pharr Matt, Humphreys Greg. Physically Based Rendering: From Theory to Implementation, Morgan Kaufmann, 2010 Reinhard Erik, Heidrich Wolfgang, Debevec Paul, Pattanaik Sumanta, Ward Greg, Myszkowski Karol, High Dynamic Range Imaging: Acquisition, Display, and Image-Based Lighting, Morgan Kaufmann, 2010 Rasmussen Steen Eiler. Experiencing Architecture, MIT Press 1962 Tanizaki, Junichiro. In praise of shadows, Vintage 2001 Ward Greg, Shakespeare Rob. Rendering with Radiance: the art and science of lighting visualization, Space & Light, 2003 structure of lessons

• introduction

• lecture / laboratory

• example project

• assignment Francesco Anselmo

I am a lighting and interaction designer working in Arup’s lighting design team. I like to get involved with both the art and science of lighting. I love how light can shape the experience of a place, influencing people’s moods and emotions and stimulating behaviours. During my time with Arup, I have been involved in architectural lighting and daylighting design for a broad range of international projects, with a special focus on workplaces, schools and art galleries. One of my proudest experiences was working on the daylighting design for the Dwabor Kindergarten in Ghana. My initial design and research interests were daylighting, sustainability, visual perception and lighting control. More recently I have developed a strong passion for user interface design, physical computing and the creative and engineering aspects of art installations. This has led me to explore how web design and digital technologies can simplify or amplify our daily interactions with automated buildings and to question what words like intelligent and smart mean in the context of the built environment. in 3 words, what is light for you? 1 LIGHT PHYSICS volume balance emotional atmosphere visibility senses atmosphere visibility space atmosphere space atmosphere beauty safe atmospheric safe atmospheric truth time focal point nature physical vibrancy

articulate necessary energy energy device energy contrast illumination ambience colour illumination colour speed shadow speed shadow colour shadow the phenomenon of light https://www.flickr.com/photos/mypubliclands/15922103804/in/photostream/ http://weknowyourdreams.com/images/sunset/sunset-01.jpg http://pre10.deviantart.net/90ae/th/pre/f/2013/293/b/5/painting_wallpaper___candle_by_dasflon-d6r5k5p.jpg Euclid Alhazen Galileo rectilinear propagation law of reflection optics, telescope attempts to find speed of light Kepler Snel Fermat Grimaldi total internal reflection law of refraction law of reflection diffraction principle of least time deviation from rectilinear propagation Newton Huygens Fresnel spectrum of light wave theory optics polarisation luminiferous aether?

Maxwell Einstein electromagnetic ﬁeld theory of relativity photon

“If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration.”

Nikola Tesla 10-35 10-30 10-25 10-20 10-15 10-10 10-5 100 105 1010 1015 1020 1025 10-35 10-30 10-25 10-20 10-15 10-10 10-5 100 105 1010 1015 1020 1025

gamma rays wavelength AM radio wavelength Things on a small scale behave like nothing you have any direct experience about.

They do not behave like waves. They do not behave like particles.

They do not behave like clouds or billiard balls or weights on springs or like anything you have ever seen. spectrum and optics everything radiates

“Do you see the eighth colour? That’s the colour of magic.”

Rincewind

–Terry Pratchett http://www.onlypencil.com/images/eyefinal2.jpg

http://www.artyfactory.com/portraits/pencil-portraits/images/ear-drawing-3.jpg http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/archive/2011/07/1_123125_123050_2279896_2297230_110711_cb_orchestramap.jpg.CROP.original-original.jpg http://www.scienceforums.net/uploads/monthly_04_2015/post-111476-0-46772400-1429459979.jpeg

light measurement A= 1 unit2= 1 steradians

r=1 unit luminous efﬁcacy

reﬂectance

if intensity is the same in all directions

A= 1 unit2= 1 steradians

r=1 unit lambertian materials

diffuse reﬂection

The apparent brightness of a Lambertian surface to an observer is the same regardless of the observer's angle of view colour theory Rösch MacAdam CIE 1976 (L*, u*, v*) color space CIE Lab colour space additive (light) subtractive (pigments) light and materials interaction

laboratory #1 1.cut and fold 2.make a difraction grating from a DVD-R 3. attach to a webcam, phone, or laptop Cut along the outer edge. Fold up or A diﬀraction grating is a series of close The spectrometer can be mounted on a down as indicated by the dotted and slits that disperse light. camera phone, laptop, or with the help of dashed lines. All labels should stay on the a box, attached to a webcam. Line up outside. rainbow carefully so that the rainbow is in the ideal DVD middle of the image, and tape down ﬁrmly

a) 1.1 License Hardware Open CERN To make one from a DVD-R, split it into so that the spectrometer stays rigid.

cut PublicLaboratory.org quarters, peel oﬀ the reﬂective layer and trim a small clean square out of the

Assembly instructions and usage at: transparent layer. Try to pick a clean fold down PublicLaboratory.org/wiki/foldable-spec piece without ﬁngerprints or scratches.

cut

SpectralWorkbench.org a) Mini-spectrometer

Public Lab Foldable Lab Public

peel apart trim b) c) reading spectra fold up

Every molecule emits only certain

CERN Open Hardware License 1.1 License Hardware Open CERN frequencies of light, and under the right b) PublicLaboratory.org To work as a diffraction grating the conditions a spectrometer can detect DVD-R must be placed so that its these as rainbow bands. With two clear Assembly instructions and usage at: bands, the mercury in compact PublicLaboratory.org/wiki/foldable-spec grating is vertical, making a horizontal spectral rainbow. Tape your DVD piece fluorescents makes calibration easy. SpectralWorkbench.org to the inside of the spectrometer’s violet indigo blue green yellow orange red door, then tape or glue the door closed. Except for the diffraction grating door, glue rainbow

or tape all ﬂaps down onto the outside. spectra back view with

door open intensity front view with door open frequency (in nanometers) tape down close door 436 mercury 546

fold down

cut CERN Open Hardware License 1.1 License Hardware Open CERN PublicLaboratory.org

fold down

Assembly instructions and usage at: fold up PublicLaboratory.org/wiki/foldable-spec fold up

Join up, calibrate, & share spectra SpectralWorkbench.org Go online to Spectralworkbench.org, follow the calibration instructions, 1 in x and you’ll be ready to upload

calibrated spectra!

Don’t forget to share and publish your Mini-spectrometer research as Research Notes on Foldable Lab Public

Publiclaboratory.org, and ask fold up questions through the Public Laboratory Spectrometry mailing list.

fold up This open hardware design was developed by Public Lab developed design was This open hardware & distribute share, to reproduce, free are You contributors; attribution. with 1.cut and fold 2.make a difraction grating from a DVD-R 3. attach to a webcam, phone, or laptop Cut along the outer edge. Fold up or A diﬀraction grating is a series of close The spectrometer can be mounted on a down as indicated by the dotted and slits that disperse light. camera phone, laptop, or with the help of dashed lines. All labels should stay on the a box, attached to a webcam. Line up outside. rainbow carefully so that the rainbow is in the ideal DVD middle of the image, and tape down ﬁrmly

a) 1.1 License Hardware Open CERN To make one from a DVD-R, split it into so that the spectrometer stays rigid.

cut PublicLaboratory.org quarters, peel oﬀ the reﬂective layer and trim a small clean square out of the

Assembly instructions and usage at: transparent layer. Try to pick a clean fold down PublicLaboratory.org/wiki/foldable-spec piece without ﬁngerprints or scratches.

cut

SpectralWorkbench.org a) Mini-spectrometer

Public Lab Foldable Lab Public

peel apart trim b) c) reading spectra fold up

Every molecule emits only certain

or tape all ﬂaps down onto the outside. spectra back view with

door open intensity front view with door open frequency (in nanometer s) tape down close door 436 mercury 546

fold down

cut CERN Open Hardware License 1.1 License Hardware Open CERN PublicLaboratory.org

fold down

Assembly instructions and usage at: fold up PublicLaboratory.org/wiki/foldable-spec fold up

Join up, calibrate, & share spectra SpectralWorkbench.org Go online to Spectralworkbench.org, follow the calibration instructions, 1 in x and you’ll be ready to upload

calibrated spectra!

Don’t forget to share and publish your Mini-spectrometer research as Research Notes on Foldable Lab Public

Publiclaboratory.org, and ask fold up questions through the Public Laboratory Spectrometry mailing list.

fold up This open hardware design was developed by Public Lab developed design was This open hardware & distribute share, to reproduce, free are You contributors; attribution. with http://spectralworkbench.org 1ST LIGHT POEM: FOR IRIS -- 10 JUNE 1962 The light of a spotlight a sunbeam sunrise The light of a student-lamp solar light sapphire light shimmer Mustard-oil light the light of a smoking-lamp maroon light the light of a magnesium ﬂare light from a meteor Light from the Magellanic Clouds the light of a Nernst lamp Evanescent light the light of a naphtha-lamp ether light from meteorites light from an electric lamp an extra light Evanescent light ether Light from a student-lamp the light of an electric lamp sapphire light extra light a shimmer smoking-lamp light Citrine light Ordinary light kineographic light orgone lumination the light of a Kitson lamp light from a lamp burning olive oil kindly light opal light

Ice light Actinism irradiation atom-bomb light ignition the light of an alcohol lamp altar light the light of a lamp burning anda-oil DEVELOPING A LIGHT VOCABULARY – Jackson Mac Low’s Light Poems Assignment #1

• Choose 3 types of light from the light poem matrix.

• At home, research the terms and write a deﬁnition for each one of them.

• If they are types of light that can be easily generated, use the paper spectrometer to measure them. If not, measure 3 types of light that you like. Use the spectral workbench to extract a plot. Describe the spectra in words.

• Put the written and image results in your assignment sketchbook.