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Home , Big Bang, Universe

The first of the (and the following 13.700.000.000 !)

Daniel G. Figueroa CERN, Division = Study of the Universe as a WHOLE (, Content, "Birth", "Death",…) Cosmology = Study of the Universe as a WHOLE (Evolution, Content, "Birth", "Death",…)

Scientific method: Observe + Measure Infer Laws Laws Predict new phenomena Cosmology = Study of the Universe as a WHOLE (Evolution, Content, "Birth", "Death",…)

Scientific method: Observe + Measure Infer Laws Laws Predict new phenomena We cannot manipulate CAREFUL! : the Universe, we can only observe it! UNiVERSE

‘' CONTAINER

… of (, , … + more exotic ‘objects') UNiVERSE

‘space' CONTAINER

… of MATTER (atoms, galaxies, … + more exotic ‘objects') UNiVERSE

‘space' CONTAINER

… of MATTER (atoms, galaxies, … + more exotic ‘objects') UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter

'' ??? '' UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter

'Geometry' ??? 'Energy'

‘Space-' Geometry dictates Movement of Matter

Presence of Matter (Energy) dictates ‘Space-Time' Geometry UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter

'Geometry' ??? 'Energy'

‘Space-Time' Geometry dictates Movement of Matter

Presence of Matter (Energy) dictates ‘Space-Time' Geometry UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter

'Geometry' ??? 'Energy'

‘Space-Time' Geometry dictates Movement of Matter

Presence of Matter (Energy) dictates ‘Space-Time' Geometry Theory of GENERAL Space-Time Matter RELATIVITY (Einstein,1915)

GENERAL RELATIVITY = THEORY of UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter UNiVERSE = Space Containing all Matter ¿ UNiVERSE at LARGE SCALES ? ¿ UNiVERSE at LARGE SCALES ? ¿ UNiVERSE at LARGE SCALES ?

Cosmological Principle: HOMOGENEOUS and ISOTROPIC ¿ UNiVERSE at LARGE SCALES ?

Cosmological Principle: HOMOGENEOUS and ISOTROPIC

SAME EVERYWHERE ! SAME IN EVERY DIRECTION ! HOMOGENEOUS and ISOTROPIC

(Millenium Simulation) UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and iSOTROPiC

GENERAL RELATIVITY SPACE-TIME ENERGY-MATTER GEOMETRY UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and iSOTROPiC

GENERAL RELATIVITY SPACE-TIME ENERGY-MATTER GEOMETRY

Cosmological Principle

HOMOGENEOUS & ISOTROPIC UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and iSOTROPiC

GENERAL RELATIVITY SPACE-TIME ENERGY-MATTER GEOMETRY

Cosmological Principle

GENERAL HOMOGENEOUS RELATIVITY 1) Geometry: Flat/Close/Open & ISOTROPIC 2) Dynamics: EXPANDING UNIVERSE! UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and iSOTROPiC

GENERAL RELATIVITY SPACE-TIME ENERGY-MATTER GEOMETRY

Cosmological Principle

GENERAL HOMOGENEOUS RELATIVITY 1) Geometry: Flat/Close/Open & ISOTROPIC 2) Dynamics: EXPANDING UNIVERSE!

Theoretical Basis for theory! UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and iSOTROPiC

Geometry: Close/Open/Flat BIG BANG THEORY: { Dynamics: EXPANDING Universe UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and iSOTROPiC

Geometry: Close/Open/Flat BIG BANG THEORY: { Dynamics: EXPANDING Universe UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and iSOTROPiC

Geometry: Close/Open/Flat BIG BANG THEORY: { Dynamics: EXPANDING Universe UNiVERSE: HOMOGENEOUS and iSOTROPiC

Geometry: Close/Open/Flat BIG BANG THEORY: { Dynamics: EXPANDING Universe

BIG BANG ?

¿ t = 0 ? COSMIC HISTORY of the UNiVERSE COSMIC HISTORY of the UNiVERSE

TODAY [Galaxies, Clusters, …] (13.700 Million years)

FIRST GALAXIES (500 Millions years)

ATOMS CREATION (300.000-400.000 years)

ATOMIC NUCLEI CREATION (3 minutes !!!)

FIRST SECOND of the UNIVERSE !! Universe SUMMARY Homogeneous & Isotropic

Universe is Expanding (Geom: Flat, Close, Open)

Galaxy Formation, Cosmic Epochs: Creation of Atoms, Creation of atomic nuclei, Creation of all elementary Cosmic Epochs: Formation (500 Million years)

GAS of PARTiCLES Gravitational 'Lumps‘ (homogeneous & isotropic) Attraction Cosmic Epochs: Galaxy Formation (500 Million years)

GAS of PARTiCLES Gravitational 'Lumps‘ (homogeneous & isotropic) Attraction GALAXIES ! Cosmic Epochs: Galaxy Formation (500 Million years)

GAS of PARTiCLES Gravitational 'Lumps‘ (homogeneous & isotropic) Attraction [not completely !] GALAXIES ! ⇢ =¯⇢(1 ⇢) ± 5 ⇢ (10 ) ⇠ O Cosmic Epochs: Galaxy Formation (500 Million years)

GAS of PARTiCLES Gravitational 'Lumps‘ (homogeneous & isotropic) Attraction [not completely !] GALAXIES ! 1) ⇢ =¯⇢(1 ⇢) (⇢ ± traction 5 Gravitational At ⇢ (10 ) ⇠ O LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE of the UNIVERSE

MILLENNIUM Simulations

AREPO Simulations COSMIC HISTORY of the UNiVERSE

BiGGER size, SMALLER Temp TODAY [Galaxies, Clusters, …] (13.700 Million years)

FIRST GALAXIES (500 Millions years)

ATOMS CREATION (300.000-400.000 years)

ATOMIC NUCLEI CREATION (3 minutes !!!)

SMALLER SIZE, FIRST SECOND LARGER of the UNIVERSE !! Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atoms (300.000-400.000 yrs)

Past, Later, hotter colder , Universe cools down… Atoms , … do not have enough energy to break apart atoms, formed ! Photons Then electrons join to the Interact atomic nuclei: Atoms formed!!! electro- (electromagnetic magnetically ) free ! Cosmic Background Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atoms (300.000-400.000 yrs) Initial time: hot soup of , electrons & photons t t 3 105 yr stable atoms start to form. 0 ⇠ · The Universe becomes transparent!

Atom Formation:Photons -shifted Free propagation and dispersed of light by !! gravity wells! (Recombination) gravity related to matter content Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atoms (300.000-400.000 yrs) ¿ Where is that light? Everywhere!

BiGGER size, TODAY [Galaxies, Clusters, …] SMALLER Temp (13.700 Million years)

FIRST GALAXIES (500 Millions years)

ATOMS FORMATION (300.000-400.000 years) Emission of Cosmic Microwave Radiation !

ATOMIC NUCLEI FORMATION (3 minutes !!!)

SMALLER SIZE, FIRST SECOND LARGER Temperature of the UNIVERSE !! Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atoms (300.000-400.000 yrs)

¿ Where is that light? Everywhere!

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

T (2)

T (1)

ct Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atoms (300.000-400.000 yrs)

¿ Where is that light? Everywhere!

PLANCK Satellite Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

Definitive proof of !

(almost-)ISOTROPIC But ….

There are small ‘Inhomogeneities' !!! (variations of 1/100.000) Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atoms (300.000-400.000 yrs)

Properties of the Cosmic Microwave Background

Properties of the then …. Geometry of the Universe !

The UNIVERSE has FLAT GEOMETRY ! COSMIC HISTORY of the UNiVERSE

BiGGER size, TODAY [Galaxies, Clusters, …] SMALLER Temp (13.700 Million years)

FIRST GALAXIES (500 Millions years)

ATOMS FORMATION (300.000-400.000 years) (+ CMB emission !)

ATOMIC NUCLEI FORMATION (3 minutes !)

SMALLER SIZE, FIRST SECOND LARGER Temperature of the UNIVERSE !! Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atomic nuclei (3 mins)

Past, Afterwards, colder hotter (3 minutes) (1 second)

Protons, Universe cools down… Atomic … protons and neutrons don't have Nuclei sufficient energy anymore Interact created ! strongly Then they join together forming atomic nuclei: Nuclear ! Cosmic Epochs: Formation of atomic nuclei (3 mins)

NUCLEAR PHYSICS (measured in the lab)

Lets to predict abundances of

H, 4He, D, 3He, 7Li, ...

Another definitive proof of the Big Bang theory ! COSMIC HISTORY of the UNiVERSE

BiGGER size, TODAY [Galaxies, Clusters, …] SMALLER Temp (13.700 Million years)

FIRST GALAXIES (500 Millions years)

ATOMS CREATION (300.000-400.000 years) (+ CMB emission !)

ATOMIC NUCLEI FORMATION (3 minutes !)

SMALLER SIZE, FIRST SECOND LARGER Temperature of the UNIVERSE !! THE$EXPANDING$UNIVERSE$

Today$!!!$

DARK$ENERGY$ $$The$expansion$of$the$ $($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$Universe$accelerates$ 9$ $ $>$$8$x$10 $yr GALAXY$$ EVOLUTION$ +$CLUSTER$ FORMATION! 10$yr$ 9$–$10 GALAXY$FORMATION$$$ 10 +$$ 109$$yr$ $DARK$AGES$ yr$ >$400.000$ CMB$ $Photons$(light)$decouple$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$and$propagate$freely$$ The first Second of the Universe ! Cosmicyr$ Epochs: ~$400.000$ RECOMBINATION$ Notation : n Protons$and$electrons$ 10 seg = 0.00....001 seg$($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$combine$to$form$Atoms$ yr$ ~$300.000$ $ Light$Nucleii$form,$aLer$ ^positron$annihila6on$ $($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$and$$$$ 1$sec$–$3$min$ $CONFINEMENT$ $bind$into$$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$(protons$&$neutrons)$ EW$UNIFICATION$ 10^4$sec$ ElectroMagne6sm$&$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$weak$interac6ons$unify$ ^10 $sec$ 10 $?$ MaVer$remains,$$$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$An6^MaVer$disappears$ ^35$sec$?$ GRAND$UNIFICATION$?$ >$10 All$$unified$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$into$a$single$one$?$ ^35 $sec$?$ 10 REHEATING$ All$maVer$in$the$$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$Universe$is$created$ ^36$sec$ $ >$10 Exponen6al$Expansion$$ ($$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$)$of$the$Universe$ ^36 $sec$ ^43$ –$10 10 ??$ CopyleL:$Daniel$G.$Figueroa,$June$2014$ 10 Accelerators (LHC): Reach up to 10 sec SUMMARY

Universe has expanded for 13.700 million years !

Several Epochs have been crucial in the evolution of the Universe

The first second is crucial to understand the evolution afterwards

But yet we DON'T UNDERSTAND that First Second ! WHAT DID I NOT TELL YOU ?

MANY THINGS ! WHAT DID I NOT TELL YOU ?

Needed for Consistency of the Big Bang theory ! COSMIC INFLATION !

1 cm

1028 cm WHAT DID I NOT TELL YOU ? Successful (p)Reheating into Reheating: the Reheating: Production of all the particles in the Universe (after Inflation)

* Higgs: only Spin = 0 particle in SM Standard Model ! SM Thermal SM Reheating * How to connect BBN Inflation with the (p, n, ) Standard Model: Possibly through the Higgs! SM (but we don’t know) SM -X 10 s ~ 1 s WHAT DID I NOT TELL YOU ?

DARK ENERGY ! (Accelerated Expansion)

DARK MATTER ! WHAT DID I NOT TELL YOU ?

Matter content within the Universe WHAT ELSE DID I NOT TELL YOU ? WHAT ELSE DID I NOT TELL YOU ?

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION !! To know more (books)

• The first three minutes (S. Weinberg) Big Bang Theory • Black holes and warped (K. Thorne) Gravity • The Charm of Physics (S. L. Glashow) • The Elegant Universe (B. Green) • El Inflationary Universe (A. Guth) Inflationary Paradigm

[email protected] Open Questions …

¿What is made of? ¿What is ? ¿Is there a "before" the Big Bang? ¿Is the Universe Infinite? ¿How did the anti-matter disappear? ¿How did the Universe appeared? ¿Did Inflation really occurred? ...