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Home , Aaron Ciechanover, Adam Riess, Ada Yonath, Akira Suzuki (chemist), Albert Fert, Andre Geim

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface...... xi LindaB.Buck...... 48 in or , 2004 AlfredNobel...... xiii William C. Campbell ...... 53 The Nobel Prizes and Nobel Institutions ....xix Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2015 Mario R. Capecchi ...... 55 AlexeiA.Abrikosov...... 1 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2007 Nobel Prize in , 2003 JimmyCarter...... 57 PeterAgre...... 4 , 2002 Nobel Prize in , 2003 MartinChalfie...... 61 MarttiAhtisaari...... 7 , , 2008 YvesChauvin...... 62 IsamuAkasaki...... 9 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2005 , 2014 ...... 64 SvetlanaAlexievich...... 11 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2004 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2015 JohnMichaelCoetzee...... 68 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2003 James P. Allison ...... 13 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2018 RaymondDavisJr...... 71 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2002 HiroshiAmano...... 15 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2014 ...... 74 Nobel Prize in Economic , 2015 FrancesArnold...... 17 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2018 PeterDiamond...... 76 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2010 ArthurAshkin...... 19 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2018 ...... 81 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2017 RobertJ.Aumann...... 21 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2005 BobDylan...... 83 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2016 RichardAxel...... 25 ShirinEbadi...... 87 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2004 Nobel Peace Prize, 2003 BarryC.Barish...... 27 RobertG.Edwards...... 91 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2010 FrançoiseBarré-Sinoussi...... 29 MohamedElBaradei...... 92 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2008 Nobel Peace Prize, 2005 EricBetzig...... 32 RobertF.Engle...... 94 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2014 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2003 BruceA.Beutler...... 34 FrançoisEnglert...... 98 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2013 ...... 36 GerhardErtl...... 100 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2007 Willard S. Boyle...... 39 EuropeanUnion...... 101 Nobel Prize in Physics, , 2012 SydneyBrenner...... 42 MartinJ.Evans...... 104 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2007

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EugeneF.Fama...... 107 Theodor W. Hänsch ...... 166 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2005 JohnB.Fenn...... 109 LarsPeterHansen...... 169 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2002 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2013 BenFeringa...... 111 SergeHaroche...... 171 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2012 AlbertFert...... 113 OliverHart...... 174 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2007 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2016 AndrewZ.Fire...... 114 RichardF.Heck...... 175 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2010 JoachimFrank...... 117 StefanW.Hell...... 177 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2014 LeymahGbowee...... 121 RichardHenderson...... 179 Nobel Peace Prize, 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2017 AndreGeim...... 125 AvramHershko...... 181 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2004 ...... 127 PeterHiggs...... 184 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2002 JulesA.Hoffmann...... 190 VitalyL.Ginzburg...... 131 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2003 BengtHolmström...... 193 RoyJ.Glauber...... 134 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2005 TasukuHonjo...... 194 AlGore...... 137 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, , 2007 H.RobertHorvitz...... 197 CliveW.J.Granger...... 139 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2002 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2003 LeonidHurwicz...... 199 GrameenBank...... 143 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, , 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on 201 CarolW.Greider...... 145 Nobel Peace Prize, 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2009 InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency...... 203 DavidGross...... 147 Nobel Peace Prize, 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2004 International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Robert H. Grubbs ...... 149 Weapons (ICAN) ...... 205 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, , 2017 Peter Grünberg ...... 152 KazuoIshiguro...... 207 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2017 JohnGurdon...... 154 ElfriedeJelinek...... 211 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2004 F.DuncanM.Haldane...... 159 DanielKahneman...... 215 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2016 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2002 JeffreyC.Hall...... 161 TakaakiKajita...... 218 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2015 JohnL.Hall...... 163 CharlesKuenKao...... 220 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2009 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

Tawakkol Karman ...... 222 EricMaskin...... 288 Nobel Peace Prize, 2011 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2007 MartinKarplus...... 226 JohnC.Mather...... 289 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2006 ImreKertész...... 229 ArthurB.McDonald...... 291 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2015 MakotoKobayashi...... 232 CraigC.Mello...... 293 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2006 BrianKobilka...... 233 PatrickModiano...... 296 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2012 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2014 RogerD.Kornberg...... 237 PaulL.Modrich...... 297 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2006 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2015 MasatoshiKoshiba...... 239 William E. Moerner ...... 299 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2014 J. Michael Kosterlitz...... 242 LucMontagnier...... 302 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2009 PaulKrugman...... 244 DaleT.Mortensen...... 305 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2008 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2010 FinnE.Kydland...... 246 EdvardMoser...... 306 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2014 PaulC.Lauterbur...... 251 May-BrittMoser...... 308 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2003 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2014 Jean-MarieGustaveLeClézio...... 254 GérardMourou...... 310 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2018 RobertJ.Lefkowitz...... 256 DenisMukwege...... 312 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, , 2018 Anthony J. Leggett ...... 259 HertaMüller...... 315 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2003 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2009 DorisLessing...... 261 AliceMunro...... 317 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2013 MichaelLevitt...... 265 NadiaMurad...... 320 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, , 2018 TomasLindahl...... 267 RogerB.Myerson...... 322 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2015 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2007 WangariMaathai...... 269 ShujiNakamura...... 325 Nobel Peace Prize, 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2014 Roderick MacKinnon ...... 272 YoichiroNambu...... 328 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2008 PeterMansfield...... 276 National Dialogue Quartet ...... 329 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2003 Nobel Peace Prize, 2015 BarryJ.Marshall...... 280 Ei-ichiNegishi...... 332 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2010 ToshihideMaskawa...... 286 ...... 333 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2008 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2018

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Konstantin Novoselov ...... 335 JuanManuelSantos...... 393 Nobel Prize in Physics, , 2016 BarackObama...... 339 ThomasJ.Sargent...... 395 Nobel Peace Prize, 2009 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2011 YoshinoriOhsumi...... 343 KailashSatyarthi...... 397 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, , 2014 JohnO’Keefe...... 345 Jean-PierreSauvage...... 402 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2014 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2016 SatoshiOmura...... 347 RandyW.Schekman...... 404 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2013 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Thomas C. Schelling ...... 406 Weapons (OPCW) ...... 349 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2005 Nobel Peace Prize, 2013 BrianP.Schmidt...... 411 ElinorOstrom...... 351 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2011 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2009 RichardR.Schrock...... 413 OrhanPamuk...... 353 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2005 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2006 LloydS.Shapley...... 418 SaulPerlmutter...... 355 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2011 DanShechtman...... 420 EdmundS.Phelps...... 357 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2011 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2006 Robert J. Shiller ...... 422 HaroldPinter...... 359 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2013 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2005 OsamuShimomura...... 424 Christopher A. Pissarides ...... 363 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2008 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2010 Christopher A. Sims ...... 425 H.DavidPolitzer...... 364 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2004 EdwardC.Prescott...... 367 ...... 427 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2004 Nobel Peace Prize, 2011 VenkatramanRamakrishnan...... 371 GeorgeE.Smith...... 433 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2009 AdamRiess...... 374 GeorgeP.Smith...... 434 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2018 PaulM.Romer...... 378 VernonL.Smith...... 435 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2018 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2002 MichaelRosbash...... 380 OliverSmithies...... 440 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2007 IrwinRose...... 382 GeorgeSmootIII...... 442 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2004 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2006 AlvinE.Roth...... 384 RalphM.Steinman...... 448 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2011 JamesE.Rothman...... 387 ThomasA.Steitz...... 450 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2009 AzizSancar...... 391 Sir J. ...... 452 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2016 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Donna Strickland ...... 454 Oliver E. Williamson ...... 499 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2018 Nobel Prize in Econonics, 2009 Thomas C. Südhof ...... 456 DavidJ.Wineland...... 501 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2012 JohnE.Sulston...... 458 GregWinter...... 503 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2002 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2018 AkiraSuzuki...... 462 KurtWuthrich...... 504 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2002 JackW.Szostak...... 464 LiuXiaobo...... 509 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2009 Nobel Peace Prize, 2010 KoichiTanaka...... 469 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2002 ShinyaYamanaka...... 513 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2012 RichardH.Thaler...... 471 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2017 MoYan...... 515 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2012 KipThorne...... 473 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2017 AdaYonath...... 517 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2009 David J. Thouless ...... 476 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2016 Michael W. Young ...... 519 JeanTirole...... 478 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2017 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 2014 MalalaYousafzai...... 521 TomasTranströmer...... 479 Nobel Peace Prize, 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2011 TuYouyou...... 523 RogerY.Tsien...... 482 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2008 ...... 525 MarioVargasLlosa...... 485 Nobel Peace Prize, 2006 Nobel Prize in Literature, 2010 HaraldzurHausen...... 531 J.RobinWarren...... 489 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2005 AriehWarshel...... 493 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2013 Nobel Prize Winners by Category & Year: 1901-2018 ...... 533 RainerWeiss...... 495 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2017 Nobel Prize Winners by Country, Year & Category: 1901-2018 ...... 543 ...... 497 Nobel Prize in Physics, 2004 Nobel Prize Winners by Year: 1901-2018. . . 567

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