EMA/CVMP/Phvwp/10418/2009-Rev.12-Corr* Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use
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LYME DISEASE Other Names: Borrelia Burgdorferi
LYME DISEASE Other names: Borrelia burgdorferi CAUSE Lyme disease is caused by a spirochete bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferi) that is transmitted through the bite from an infected arthropod vector, the black-legged or deer tick Ixodes( scapularis). SIGNIFICANCE Lyme disease can infect people and some species of domestic animals (cats, dogs, horses, and cattle) causing mild to severe illness. Although wildlife can be infected by the bacteria, it typically does not cause illness in them. TRANSMISSION The bacteria has been observed in the blood of a number of wildlife species including several bird species but rarely appears to cause illness in these species. White-footed mice, eastern chipmunks, and shrews serve as the primary natural reservoirs for Lyme disease in eastern and central parts of North America. Other species appear to have low competencies as reservoirs for the bacteria. The transmission of Lyme disease is relatively convoluted due to the complex life cycle of the black-legged tick. This tick has multiple developmental stages and requires three hosts during its life cycle. The life cycle begins with the eggs of the ticks that are laid in the spring and from which larval ticks emerge. Larval ticks do not initially carryBorrelia burgdorferi, the bacteria must be acquired from their hosts they feed upon that are carriers of the bacteria. Through the summer the larval ticks feed on the blood of their first host, typically small mammals and birds. It is at this point where ticks may first acquireBorrelia burgdorferi. In the fall the larval ticks develop into nymphs and hibernate through the winter. -
Increased Risk and Case Fatality Rate of Pyogenic Liver Abscess in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: a Gut: First Published As 10.1136/Gut.48.2.260 on 1 February 2001
260 Gut 2001;48:260–263 Increased risk and case fatality rate of pyogenic liver abscess in patients with liver cirrhosis: a Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.48.2.260 on 1 February 2001. Downloaded from nationwide study in Denmark I Mølle, A M Thulstrup, H Vilstrup, H T Sørensen Abstract in case reports, and most often in patients with Background—Patients with liver cirrhosis iron overload.9–12 In a few case series of patients are at increased risk of serious bacterial with pyogenic liver abscesses, the prevalence of infections carrying a high case fatality liver cirrhosis was 0.9–13%,257and the preva- rate. Case reports have suggested an lence of chronic alcoholism was more than association between liver cirrhosis and 10% in other studies.413 pyogenic liver abscess. To determine if liver cirrhosis is a risk factor Aims—To estimate the risk and case fatal- for liver abscess, we estimated the incidence ity rate of pyogenic liver abscess in Danish rate and 30 day case fatality rate of pyogenic patients with liver cirrhosis compared liver abscess in a nationwide cohort of patients with the background population. with liver cirrhosis referring to the entire Methods—Identification of all patients Danish population. with liver cirrhosis and pyogenic liver abscess over a 17 year period in the Methods National Registry of Patients. Information STUDY POPULATION AND DATA SOURCES on death was obtained from the Danish Denmark has approximately 5.2 million inhab- Central Person Registry. itants. Admission, stay, and treatment in Dan- Results—We identified 22 764 patients ish public hospitals are free. -
Phagocytosis of Borrelia Burgdorferi, the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Potentiates Innate Immune Activation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Monocytes Adriana R
University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn UCHC Articles - Research University of Connecticut Health Center Research 1-2008 Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Potentiates Innate Immune Activation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Monocytes Adriana R. Cruz University of Connecticut School of Medicine and Dentistry Meagan W. Moore University of Connecticut School of Medicine and Dentistry Carson J. La Vake University of Connecticut School of Medicine and Dentistry Christian H. Eggers University of Connecticut School of Medicine and Dentistry Juan C. Salazar University of Connecticut School of Medicine and Dentistry See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/uchcres_articles Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cruz, Adriana R.; Moore, Meagan W.; La Vake, Carson J.; Eggers, Christian H.; Salazar, Juan C.; and Radolf, Justin D., "Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Potentiates Innate Immune Activation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Monocytes" (2008). UCHC Articles - Research. 182. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/uchcres_articles/182 Authors Adriana R. Cruz, Meagan W. Moore, Carson J. La Vake, Christian H. Eggers, Juan C. Salazar, and Justin D. Radolf This article is available at OpenCommons@UConn: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/uchcres_articles/182 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Jan. 2008, p. 56–70 Vol. 76, No. 1 0019-9567/08/$08.00ϩ0 doi:10.1128/IAI.01039-07 Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Phagocytosis of Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Potentiates Innate Immune Activation and Induces Apoptosis in Human Monocytesᰔ Adriana R. Cruz,1†‡ Meagan W. Moore,1† Carson J. -
Acral Lick Granuloma
Acral Lick Granuloma Also Known As: Acral lick dermatitis, acral lick furunculosis, lick granuloma Transmission or Cause: The causes of acral lick granulomas include infections caused by bacteria, fungi, or mites; allergies, cancer, joint disease, or previous trauma; or an obsessive-compulsive disorder caused by boredom in some dogs. Dogs are provoked by these conditions to lick an area until they cause hair loss and erosion of the superficial skin layers. The consequence is further inflammation, which then results in more licking. With time, excessive licking can cause secondary infections, thickening of the skin, and changes in skin-color. Affected Animals: Acral lick granulomas may affect dogs of any breed and gender, however, males and dogs that are five years and older are more often affected. Breeds predisposed to this condition include Great Dane, Doberman Pinscher, Labrador Retriever, Golden Retriever, German Shepherd, and Irish Setter. Overview: A commonly seen skin disorder of dogs, acral lick granulomas are skin wounds that are worsened by a dog's constant licking of the affected area. Because the repeated licking hinders healing of the lesion, dogs must be prevented from licking the area until the wound has healed completely. Acral lick granulomas have a wide variety of possible causes. The disease is often bothersome to pets as well as their owners. A veterinarian can implement appropriate medical therapies to treat the lick granuloma and to prevent recurrence. Clinical Signs: Lick granulomas are skin wounds typically located on the lower portion of the front or hind leg of a dog. Some dogs may have more than one area affected at a time. -
Canine Lyme Borrelia
Canine Lyme Borrelia Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria are the cause of Lyme disease in humans and animals. They can be visualized by darkfild microscopy as "corkscrew-shaped" motile spirochetes (400 x). Inset: The black-legged tick, lxodes scapularis (deer tick), may carry and transmit Borrelia burgdorferi to humans and animals during feeding, and thus transmit Lyme disease. Samples: Blood EDTA-blood as is, purple-top tubes or EDTA-blood preserved in sample buffer (preferred) Body fluids Preserved in sample buffer Notes: Send all samples at room temperature, preferably preserved in sample buffer MD Submission Form Interpretation of PCR Results: High Positive Borrelia spp. infection (interpretation must be correlated to (> 500 copies/ml swab) clinical symptoms) Low Positive (<500 copies/ml swab) Negative Borrelia spp. not detected Lyme Borreliosis Lyme disease is caused by spirochete bacteria of a subgroup of Borrelia species, called Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Only one species, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, is known to be present in the USA, while at least four pathogenic species, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. afzelii, B. garinii, B. japonica have been isolated in Europe and Asia (Aguero- Rosenfeld et al., 2005). B. burgdorferi sensu lato organisms are corkscrew-shaped, motile, microaerophilic bacteria of the order Spirochaetales. Hard-shelled ticks of the genus Ixodes transmit B. burgdorferi by attaching and feeding on various mammalian, avian, and reptilian hosts. In the northeastern states of the US Ixodes scapularis, the black-legged deer tick, is the predominant vector, while at the west coast Lyme borreliosis is maintained by a transmission cycle which involves two tick species, I. -
Borrelia Burgdorferi and Treponema Pallidum: a Comparison of Functional Genomics, Environmental Adaptations, and Pathogenic Mechanisms
PERSPECTIVE SERIES Bacterial polymorphisms Martin J. Blaser and James M. Musser, Series Editors Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum: a comparison of functional genomics, environmental adaptations, and pathogenic mechanisms Stephen F. Porcella and Tom G. Schwan Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, USA Address correspondence to: Tom G. Schwan, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 903 South 4th Street, Hamilton, Montana 59840, USA. Phone: (406) 363-9250; Fax: (406) 363-9445; E-mail: [email protected]. Spirochetes are a diverse group of bacteria found in (6–8). Here, we compare the biology and genomes of soil, deep in marine sediments, commensal in the gut these two spirochetal pathogens with reference to their of termites and other arthropods, or obligate parasites different host associations and modes of transmission. of vertebrates. Two pathogenic spirochetes that are the focus of this perspective are Borrelia burgdorferi sensu Genomic structure lato, a causative agent of Lyme disease, and Treponema A striking difference between B. burgdorferi and T. pal- pallidum subspecies pallidum, the agent of venereal lidum is their total genomic structure. Although both syphilis. Although these organisms are bound togeth- pathogens have small genomes, compared with many er by ancient ancestry and similar morphology (Figure well known bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Mycobac- 1), as well as by the protean nature of the infections terium tuberculosis, the genomic structure of B. burgdorferi they cause, many differences exist in their life cycles, environmental adaptations, and impact on human health and behavior. The specific mechanisms con- tributing to multisystem disease and persistent, long- term infections caused by both organisms in spite of significant immune responses are not yet understood. -
Instruction Sheet: Otitis Externa
University of North Carolina Wilmington Abrons Student Health Center INSTRUCTION SHEET: OTITIS EXTERNA The Student Health Provider has diagnosed otitis externa, also known as external ear infection, or swimmer's ear. Otitis externa is a bacterial/fungal infection in the ear canal (the ear canal goes from the outside opening of the ear to the eardrum). Water in the ear, from swimming or bathing, makes the ear canal prone to infection. Hot and humid weather also predisposes to infection. Symptoms of otitis externa include: ear pain, fullness or itching in the ear, ear drainage, and temporary loss of hearing. These symptoms are similar to those caused by otitis media (middle ear infection). To differentiate between external ear infection and middle ear infection, the provider looks in the ear with an instrument called an otoscope. It is important to distinguish between the two infections, as they are treated differently: External otitis is treated with drops in the ear canal, while middle ear infection is sometimes treated with an antibiotic by mouth. MEASURES YOU SHOULD TAKE TO HELP TREAT EXTERNAL EAR INFECTION: 1. Use the ear drops regularly, as directed on the prescription. 2. The key to treatment is getting the drops down into the canal and keeping the medicine there. To accomplish this: Lie on your side, with the unaffected ear down. Put three to four drops in the infected ear canal, then gently pull the outer ear back and forth several times, working the medicine deeper into the ear canal. Remain still, good-ear-side-down for about 15 minutes. -
Dermatology Appointment Compliance 10 Common Characteristics Ofhighly Successful Practices Keith a Hnilica DVM, MS, DACVD
Better Dermatology Appointment Compliance 10 Common Characteristics ofHighly Successful Practices Keith A Hnilica DVM, MS, DACVD Who am I to decide: I am a veterinary dermatologist currently enrolled in an MBA program. During the last year, I have had the wonderful opportunity to visit dozens of great practices (through the Novartis LEAD and Pfizer’s Partners for Success programs). During these visits, I was able to learn many lessons from successful practices. In addition, I have listened to many practice managers, sales reps, and business people much smarter than myself. What I have learned is that there are common behaviors that are found in most of the truly great clinics: THIS is THAT list. Immutable Lessons from the Road: 1. All staff members are motivated to solve specific client problems with practice specific protocols formulated to implement the “Best in Class” treatment options. 2. The mission statement includes a commitment to the highest quality of practice (not the cheapest). 3. Staff rounds are conducted to educate everyone in the clinic on the most common diseases and the practice’s protocols treatment. 4. All staff provides consistent client education and treatment recommendations: the same message from the front to the back of the practice. 5. The doctors are removed from all treatment cost discussions: decisions are made based on medical appropriateness not negotiated based on cost. 6. Follow up counts. 7. Technicians are used to their full potential: great knowledge, tremendous ability, and enthusiasm produce an effective patient advocate that functions like a physician’s assistant. 8. The receptions are recognized as the store front window of the practice. -
Eye Neoplasm
Eye neoplasm Origin and location Eye cancers can be primary (starts within the eye) and metastatic cancer (spread to the eye from another organ). The two most common cancers that spread to the eye from another organ are breast cancer and lung cancer. Other less common sites of origin include the prostate, kidney, thyroid, skin, colon and blood or bone marrow. Types Tumors in the eye and orbit can be benign like dermoid cysts, or malignant like rhabdomyosarcoma and retinoblastoma. Signs and symptoms • Melanomas (choroidal, ciliary body and uveal) - In the early stages there may be no symptoms (the person does not know there is a tumor until an ophthalmologist or optometrist looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope during a routine test). As the tumor grows, symptoms can be blurred vision, decreased vision, double vision, eventual vision loss and if they continue to grow the tumor can break past the retina causing retinal detachment. Sometimes the tumor can be visible through the pupil. • Nevus - Are benign, freckle in the eye. These should be checked out and regular checks on the eye done to ensure it hasn't turned into a melanoma. • Iris and conjuctival tumors (melanomas) - Presents as a dark spot. Any spot which continues to grow on the iris and the conjunctiva should be checked out. • Retinoblastoma - Strabismus (crossed eyes), a whitish or yellowish glow through the pupil, decreasing/loss of vision, sometimes the eye may be red and painful. Retinoblastoma can occur in one or both eyes. This tumor occurs in babies and young children. It is called RB for short. -
Ear Infections
EAR INFECTIONS How common are ear infections in cats? Infections of the external ear canal (outer ear) by bacteria or yeast are common in dogs but not as common in cats. Outer ear infections are called otitis externa. The most common cause of feline otitis externa is ear mite infestation. What are the symptoms of an ear infection? Ear infection cause pain and discomfort and the ear canals are sensitive. Many cats will shake their head and scratch their ears attempting to remove the debris and fluid from the ear canal. The ears often become red and inflamed and develop an offensive odor. A black or yellow discharge is commonly observed. Don't these symptoms usually suggest ear mites? Ear mites can cause several of these symptoms including a black discharge, scratching and head shaking. However, ear mite infections generally occur in kittens. Ear mites in adult cats occur most frequently after a kitten carrying mites is introduced into the household. Sometimes ear mites will create an environment within the ear canal which leads to a secondary infection with bacteria or yeast. By the time the cat is presented to the veterinarian the mites may be gone but a significant ear infection remains. Since these symptoms are similar can I just buy some ear drops? No, careful diagnosis of the exact cause of the problem is necessary to enable selection of appropriate treatment. There are several kinds of bacteria and fungi that might cause an ear infection. Without knowing the kind of infection present, we do not know which drug to use. -
Fundamentals of Dermatology Describing Rashes and Lesions
Dermatology for the Non-Dermatologist May 30 – June 3, 2018 - 1 - Fundamentals of Dermatology Describing Rashes and Lesions History remains ESSENTIAL to establish diagnosis – duration, treatments, prior history of skin conditions, drug use, systemic illness, etc., etc. Historical characteristics of lesions and rashes are also key elements of the description. Painful vs. painless? Pruritic? Burning sensation? Key descriptive elements – 1- definition and morphology of the lesion, 2- location and the extent of the disease. DEFINITIONS: Atrophy: Thinning of the epidermis and/or dermis causing a shiny appearance or fine wrinkling and/or depression of the skin (common causes: steroids, sudden weight gain, “stretch marks”) Bulla: Circumscribed superficial collection of fluid below or within the epidermis > 5mm (if <5mm vesicle), may be formed by the coalescence of vesicles (blister) Burrow: A linear, “threadlike” elevation of the skin, typically a few millimeters long. (scabies) Comedo: A plugged sebaceous follicle, such as closed (whitehead) & open comedones (blackhead) in acne Crust: Dried residue of serum, blood or pus (scab) Cyst: A circumscribed, usually slightly compressible, round, walled lesion, below the epidermis, may be filled with fluid or semi-solid material (sebaceous cyst, cystic acne) Dermatitis: nonspecific term for inflammation of the skin (many possible causes); may be a specific condition, e.g. atopic dermatitis Eczema: a generic term for acute or chronic inflammatory conditions of the skin. Typically appears erythematous, -
Skin Diseases of the Dog and Cat, Third Edition
Skin Diseases of the Dog and Cat THIRD EDITION Skin Diseases of the Dog and Cat THIRD EDITION NICOLE A. HEINRICH, DVM, DACVD McKeever Dermatology Clinics Eden Prairie and Inver Grove Heights Minnesota, USA MELISSA EISENSCHENK, MS, DVM, DACVD Pet Dermatology Clinic Maple Grove Minnesota, USA RICHARD G. HARVEY, BVSc, DVDF, Dip. ECVD, FRSB, PhD, MRCVS The Veterinary Centre Coventry, UK TIM NUTTALL, BSc, BVSc, PhD, CertVD, CBiol, MRSB, MRCVS Head of Dermatology The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies The University of Edinburgh Roslin, UK CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-2596-9 (Hardback) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-30870-1 (Paperback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines.