Wk 3-Integumentary System
1. General structure. 2. Structure: cells of the epidermis 3. Structure: layers of the epidermis 4. Func on 5. Sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands 6. Hair 7. Common Bacterial Condi ons—Folliculi s, Furuncles/Carbuncles, Impe go 8. Common Bacterial Condi ons— Celluli s, Erysipelas 9. Common Viral Condi ons—Warts 10. Common Superficial Fungal Condi ons—Tinea 11. Common Superficial Fungal Condi ons—Candidiasis 12. Summary.
Presented by Karoline Y. Ren
1 1. General structure
The 3 layers of the skin are: the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous fat layer (hypodermis).
The purpose of the skin is to protect the body from damaging external agents, extremes of temperatures and viral and bacterial agents
This most extensive organ system has the skin and accessory structures. The accessory structures include hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands, and specialized nerve receptors for s muli (changes in internal or external environment) such as touch, cold, heat, pain, and pressure. 2 3 Summary
The purpose of the skin = to protect the body from damaging external agents, extremes of temperatures and viral and bacterial agents
The 3 layers of the skin are: the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous fat layer (hypodermis).
The nerve receptors in skin enable the feeling of temperature, touch and pain
It take 4 weeks for cells in the bo om layer of the epidermis to reach the skin surface
Melanocytes produce Melanin
The 2 types of sweat glands in the skin are the eccrine and apocrine
Impe go is a bacterial infec on in the skin, it is high contagious and appears as red blisters.
4 2. Structure: cells of the epidermis The epidermis has several strata/layers that contain four cell types. 1. Kera nocytes makes kera n. Kera n is a protein that gives skin its flexibility and strength. It waterproofs the skin’s surface. 2. Melanocytes makes melanin. Melanin is the dark pigment that gives skin its colour. 3. Merkel's cells are thought to help with touch recep on. 4. Langerhans' cells help the immune system by processing an gens, which is also known as foreign bodies.
The nerve receptors in skin enable the feeling of temperature, touch and pain
5 3. Structure: layers of the epidermis The skin is the largest organ of the body.
Its 2 main layers are the epidermis (outer layer) and dermis (inner layer).
The epidermis has several strata/layers that contain four cell types. They are: 1. 2. 3. 4.
6 1. Structure: layers of the epidermis
7 3. Structure: layers of the epidermis • Millions of these dead cells are worn off daily, crea ng a new epidermis every 35 to 45 days. It take 4 weeks for cells in the bo om layer of the epidermis to reach the skin surface
8 4. Func on of the skin: Apart from protec on as previously men oned…
• Sensory input — the skin has millions of nerve endings, which allow us to respond to the sensa ons of pain, heat and cold.
• Temperature regula on — the skin has an lots of blood supply. This is mainly for temperature regula on. For example, when we become hot, the blood supply rushes to the skin surface and heat is lost through radia on. The skin also regulates temperature by perspira on: when we perspire heat is lost through evapora on.
• Excre on of water and waste products.
• Making of vitamin D.
9 5. Sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands
The 2 types of sweat glands in the skin are the eccrine and apocrine
The skin produces structures such as sudoriferous (sweat) glands and sebaceous (oil) glands. It also produces hair, fingernails and sensory receptors that help humans to feel pain, pressure and temperature.
Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) can be categorised into 2 types: 1. eccrine glands=coiled ducts deep in the skin that connect to the surface 2. apocrine glands are in armpits, areolae of nipples, and the genital region.
1. Eccrine glands secrete sweat, a mixture of 1% salts and fats and 99% water. In warm temperatures with low humidity, swea ng/ perspira on cool the body down.
10 5. Sudoriferous (sweat) and sebaceous (oil) glands 2. Apocrine glands become ac ve at puberty,. They are larger, deeper, and produce thicker secre ons than eccrine glands.
The apocrine glands secre ons contain pheromones. Pheromones are substances that enable olfactory (smell) communica on with the species. This communica on provokes certain behavioral responses such as sexual arousal. Whereas eccrine glands respond to heat, apocrine glands respond to stress and sexual ac vity by secre ng sweat with a characteris c odor. This odor differs from body odor that results from bacteria decomposing skin secre ons on the skin.
Note: • Cerumen (earwax)= modified apocrine glands.
• Mammary glands in female =modified apocrine glands. These glands are secrete milk rather than sweat.
11 5. Sebaceous (oil) glands
• Sebaceous glands (oil glands) are all over the body except on the palms of hands and soles of feet! • The glands secretes/empty via ducts into the bases of hair follicles and secrete sebum (a mixture of fats, waxes, and hydrocarbons).
12 5. Sebaceous (oil) glands
• Sebum moistens hair and prevents skin from drying. It is mostly located at the face and scalp. • During puberty, increased levels of sex hormone in the blood may make too much sebum. This extra smount of sebum may plugs the gland and hair follicle, producing acne.
13 6. Hair
• Arrector pili muscles= smooth muscle cells a ached to hair follicles. When they contract, they pull the hair into an upright posi on, causing skin dimples (goose bumps). The nervous system controls these muscles. These muscles contract when fright and or cold temperature happens.
14 7. Bacterial Condi ons—Folliculi s, Furuncles/Carbuncles, Impe go 1. Folliculi s=bacterial infec on of hair follicles Common cause: Staphylococcus aureus but occasionally Pseudomonas aeruginosa (hot tub folliculi s) or other organisms. Hot tub folliculi s happen due to not enough treatment of water with chlorine or bromine. Symptoms: mild pain, pruritus (itchy skin) & irrita on. Signs: superficial pustule /inflammatory nodule around a hair follicle. Infected hairs comes off skin easily, but new papules tend to develop.
Folliculi s manifests as superficial pustules or inflammatory nodules surrounding hair follicles:
15 7.Bacterial Condi ons—Folliculi s, Furuncles/Carbuncles, Impe go
2. Furuncles: Furuncles, also known as boils=skin abscesses caused by staphylococcal infec on, which involve a hair follicle and surrounding ssue. Treatment is warm compresses and o en oral an -staphylococcal an bio cs.
Furuncle:
16 7.Bacterial Condi ons—Folliculi s, Furuncles/Carbuncles, Impe go 2. Carbuncles are clusters/groups of furuncles connected subcutaneously (deeper into the skin), causing deeper pus forma on and scarring.
17 7.Bacterial Condi ons—Folliculi s, Furuncles/Carbuncles, Impe go 3.Impe go= a bacterial infec on in the skin, it is highly contagious!! It appears as red blisters. Cause: streptococci, staphylococci, or both. Ecthyma= an ulcera ve form of impe go. Both give mild pain/discomfort. Pruritus /itchiness is common. Scratching may spread infec on, inocula ng (spread) to nearby and or non-nearby skin!! Impe go (non-bullous): Impe go (bullous):
18 8. Common Bacterial Condi ons— Celluli s, Erysipelas
1. Celluli s=acute bacterial infec on of the skin and subcutaneous ssue Cause: streptococci or staphylococci. Symptoms & signs: pain, rapidly spreading redness/erythema, & edema. Fever may occur, and regional lymph nodes may enlarge!! Prognosis: excellent with mely treatment.
19 8. Common Bacterial Condi ons— Celluli s, Erysipelas • Celluli s con nues…
Differentiating Cellulitis and Deep Venous Thrombosis Feature Cellulitis Deep Venous Thrombosis Skin temperature Hot Normal or cool
Skin color Red Normal or cyanotic
Skin surface Peau d'orange Smooth Lymphangitis and Frequent Nonexistent regional lymphadenopathy
20 8. Common Bacterial Condi ons— Celluli s, Erysipelas
• 2. Erysipelas=a type of superficial celluli s , with dermal lympha c involvement. Caused: β-hemoly c streptococci Loca on: o en on the legs and face. Signs: Raised, shiny, hardened, and tender plaque-like dis nct margined lesions.
21 9. Common Viral Condi ons—Warts • Warts= common, benign, epidermal lesions. Cause: human papillomavirus infec on. They can appear anywhere on the body in a variety of shapes & sizes. Warts are usually self limited. It may be treated by destruc ve methods (eg, excision and liquid nitrogen) and topical or injected substances.
22 9. Common Viral Condi ons—Warts
23 10. Common Superficial Fungal Condi ons—Tinea • Tinea/ringworm (please note ringworm is just a name, no worm is involved in this fungal disease)= a contagious fungal skin infec on. Commonly affected areas: • feet (athlete's foot) • groin (jock itch) • scalp & beneath the breasts. • Nail/ nea unguium. Tinea can be spread indirectly or skin-to-skin contact. Treatment includes an fungal medica on and good hygiene. Signs and symp ons: • Red scaly rash that is shaped like a ring • Itching and s nging • Yellow or white discolora on of the nails • Cracking, spli ng and peeling in the toe web spaces • Blisters • Bald spots on the scalp.
24 10. Common Superficial Fungal Condi ons—Tinea
25 11. Common Superficial Fungal Condi ons—Candidiasis
Candidiasis (candidosis/moniliasis/yeast infec on)=infec on caused by several species of Candida, typically by Candida albicans.
Most common type of candidias= a superficial infec on of the mouth, vagina, or skin àred or white patches and itching, irrita on, or both.
People whose immune system is weakened may have serious infec ons of the esohagus and other internal organs! Patches in the esophagus cause pain during swallowing!
26 11. Common Superficial Fungal Condi ons—Candidiasis
Infec on of the mouth ( also known as thrush or trench mouth) can have the following signs & symptoms: • Creamy, white, painful patches inside the mouth • Cheili s=Cracking at the corners of the mouth • A red, painful, smooth tongue Some types of diaper rash are caused by Candida.
27 Common Superficial Fungal Condi ons —Candidiasis
• Chronic hyperplas c candidiasis.
28 Some extra resources..
• h p://www.cancercouncil.com.au/wp- content/uploads/2012/07/Massage-and- Cancer.pdf • h p://www.abmp.com/massagemarketplace/ downloads/TenForToday_ND10.pdf
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