DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effect of Dehydration, Hyperthermia, and Fatigue on Landing Error Scoring System Scores

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effect of Dehydration, Hyperthermia, and Fatigue on Landing Error Scoring System Scores ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF DEHYDRATION, HYPERTHERMIA, AND FATIGUE ON LANDING ERROR SCORING SYSTEM SCORES Purpose: To examine the effects of exercise-induced dehydration, hyperthermia, and fatigue on Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) scores during a jump-landing task, and the effectiveness of a personalized hydration plan. Methods: Five recreationally active heat-acclimatized males 25.4 y (SD=5.7) completed two trials: with fluid replacement, (EXP) and without fluid (CON), in a counterbalanced, randomized, cross-over fashion. Exercise was terminated when gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi) = 39.5°C and fatigue ≥ 7/10, or 90 min of exercise. Percent dehydration was determined by body mass change from pre- exercise (PRE) and post-exercise (POST). Tgi, heart rate (HR), and perceived fatigue were measured PRE, during exercise, and POST. Three jump-landing tasks were filmed in the frontal and sagittal planes. An experienced grader evaluated jump-landing tasks using the LESS. Statistical Analysis: Repeated measures ANOVA assessed primary dependent and independent variables while a priori dependent t-tests evaluated pairwise comparisons. Results: No interaction, group, or time main effects were observed for LESS scores (p=0.437). POST dehydration (%) was greater in CON (M=2.59, SD=0.52) vs. EXP (M=0.92, SD=0.41; p<0.001), whereas hyperthermia (°C) (CON, M=39.29, SD=0.31, EXP, M=39.03, SD=0.61; p=0.425), and fatigue (CON, M=9, SD=1, EXP, M=9, SD=2; p=0.424) were similar. Conclusion: LESS scores were not affected by exercise-induced dehydration, hyperthermia, and fatigue, nor by a personal hydration plan. Alexandria Brooklyn Gregory May 2017 THE EFFECT OF DEHYDRATION, HYPERTHERMIA, AND FATIGUE ON LANDING ERROR SCORING SYSTEM SCORES by Alexandria Brooklyn Gregory A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Kinesiology in College of Health and Human Services California State University, Fresno May 2017 APPROVED For the Department of Kinesiology: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Alexandria Brooklyn Gregory Thesis Author Stephanie Moore-Reed (Chair) Kinesiology J. Luke Pryor Kinesiology Riana R. Pryor Kinesiology For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship. Permission to reproduce this thesis in part or in its entirety must be obtained from me. Signature of thesis author: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the individuals who participated in this study for volunteering their time and hard effort for research in exercise science. I would also like to thank the several undergraduate students who volunteered their time to assist in collecting data. As well as, my fellow graduate students who supported me through each step of the research process. Specifically, I would like to thank Tony Wolf, Megan Webb, and Sam Bracksieck for all your hard work and continued supported through during this study. Research was truly a learning experience for all of us and I am glad we experienced the journey together. I am extremely thankful for Dr. J. Luke Pryor and Dr. Riana Pryor for your guidance during this entire process. From developing the research study design to the countless hours of helping me with my writing. You have challenged me on so many levels making me a better researcher and prepared me for the next step in my career. Also, I would like to thank Dr. Stephanie Moore-Reed for being the chair of my study. Your statistic knowledge challenged me to develop further understanding of statistics and your continued support has allowed me to continue to prepare for my future. Thank you to the Graduate Research Fellowship and the Graduate Student Research and Creative Activities Support Award for your support of this research study. Last, but not least I want to thank my parents for their continued support throughout my educational journey. You have been there every step of the way and I could not be more grateful. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 Purpose .............................................................................................................. 4 Research Questions and Hypotheses ................................................................. 4 Significance ....................................................................................................... 4 Delimitations ..................................................................................................... 5 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 5 Assumptions ...................................................................................................... 6 Definitions of Terms ......................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ........................................................... 8 Assessment of Lower Extremity Biomechanics ............................................... 8 Exercise-Induced Dehydration ........................................................................ 11 Exercise-induced Hyperthermia ...................................................................... 14 Fatigue ............................................................................................................. 17 The Combination of Dehydration, Hyperthermia, and Fatigue ...................... 19 Summary ......................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 3: METHODS ..................................................................................... 21 Experimental Design ....................................................................................... 21 Participants ...................................................................................................... 22 Procedures ....................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ....................................................................................... 30 Demographics ................................................................................................. 30 vi vi Page Landing Error Scoring System ........................................................................ 30 Heart Rate Response to Intermittent Exercise Protocol .................................. 32 Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Intermittent Exercise ................. 34 Exercise-Induced Dehydration ........................................................................ 34 Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia ..................................................................... 36 Fatigue Response to Intermittent Exercise ...................................................... 36 Environmental Conditions .............................................................................. 38 Exercise Intensity and Time ............................................................................ 39 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION ................................................................................. 40 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 46 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ 52 APPENDIX A: INFORMED CONSENT .............................................................. 53 APPENDIX B: MEDICAL HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE ................................. 62 APPENDIX C: HEAT ACCLIMATION AND TRAINING HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE ..................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX D: PERCEPTUAL SCALES ............................................................. 69 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Demographic Data ................................................................................... 30 Table 2 Top 4 Individual Movement Errors out of 22 Evaluated That Appeared Most Frequency Among Participants ...................................... 32 Table 3 Physiological & Perceptual Responses from Intermittent Exercise Protocol .................................................................................................... 35 Table 4 Environmental Conditions During Intermittent Exercise. ....................... 38 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Experimental design. .............................................................................. 21 Figure 2. Landing error scoring system standardized jump-landing task set-up ... 24 Figure 3. Intermittent Exercise Protocol: Following each run or sprint the participant walked and after completing all three runs a recovery jog (200m-jog) was completed. ...................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 20Mg Spironolactone I.P…..50Mg
    For the use only of a Registered Medical Practitioner or Hospital or a Laboratory. This package insert is continually updated: Please read carefully before using a new pack Frusemide and Spironolactone Tablets Lasilactone® 50 COMPOSITION Each film coated tablet contains Frusemide I.P. …….. 20mg Spironolactone I.P…..50mg THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS Lasilactone® contains a short-acting diuretic and a long-acting aldosterone antagonist. It is indicated in the treatment of resistant oedema where this is associated with secondary hyperaldosteronism; conditions include chronic congestive cardiac failure and hepatic cirrhosis. Treatment with Lasilactone® should be reserved for cases refractory to a diuretic alone at conventional doses. This fixed ratio combination should only be used if titration with the component drugs separately indicates that this product is appropriate. The use of Lasilactone® in the management of essential hypertension should be restricted to patients with demonstrated hyperaldosteronism. It is recommended that in these patients also, this combination should only be used if titration with the component drugs separately indicates that this product is appropriate. POSOLOGY AND METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION For oral administration. The dose must be the lowest that is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. Adults: 1-4 tablets daily. Children: The product is not suitable for use in children. Elderly: Frusemide and Spironolactone may both be excreted more slowly in the elderly. Tablets are best taken at breakfast and/or lunch with a generous amount of liquid (approx. 1 glass). An evening dose is not recommended, especially during initial treatment, because of the increased nocturnal output of urine to be expected in such cases.
    [Show full text]
  • Preventing Dehydration
    State of New Jersey Department of Human Services Division of Developmental Disabilities DDDDDD PREVENTIONPREVENTION BULLETINBULLETIN Dehydration Dehydration is a loss of too much fluid from the body. The body needs water in order to maintain normal functioning. If your body loses too much fluid - more than you are getting from your food and liquids - your body loses electrolytes. Electrolytes include important nutrients like sodium and potassium which your body needs to work normally. A person can be at risk for dehydration in any season, not just the summer months. It is also important to know that elderly individuals are at heightened risk for dehydration because their bodies have a lower water content than younger people. Why people with Common Causes and a developmental Risk Factors for disability may be Dehydration: at a higher risk for dehydration. v Diarrhea v Vomiting v People with physical limitations may v Excessive sweating not be able to get something to drink on their own and will need the assistance of v Fever others. v Burns v People who cannot speak or whose v Diabetes when blood sugar is too high speech is hard to understand may have a v hard time telling their support staff that Increased urination (undiagnosed diabetes) they are thirsty. v Not drinking enough water, especially on warm and hot days v Some people may have difficulty swal- lowing their food or drinks and may v Not drinking enough during or after exercise refuse to eat or drink. This can make v Some medications (diuretics, blood pressure them more susceptible to becoming meds, certain psychotropic and anticonvul- dehydrated.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, and Recommended Intakes
    Rolling Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality Draft for review and comments (Not for citation) Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, and Recommended Intakes By A. Grandjean World Health Organization August 2004 2 Introduction Water is an essential nutrient for all known forms of life and the mechanisms by which fluid and electrolyte homeostasis is maintained in humans are well understood. Until recently, our exploration of water requirements has been guided by the need to avoid adverse events such as dehydration. Our increasing appreciation for the impinging factors that must be considered when attempting to establish recommendations of water intake presents us with new and challenging questions. This paper, for the most part, will concentrate on water requirements, adverse consequences of inadequate intakes, and factors that affect fluid requirements. Other pertinent issues will also be mentioned. For example, what are the common sources of dietary water and how do they vary by culture, geography, personal preference, and availability, and is there an optimal fluid intake beyond that needed for water balance? Adverse consequences of inadequate water intake, requirements for water, and factors that affect requirements Adverse Consequences Dehydration is the adverse consequence of inadequate water intake. The symptoms of acute dehydration vary with the degree of water deficit (1). For example, fluid loss at 1% of body weight impairs thermoregulation and, thirst occurs at this level of dehydration. Thirst increases at 2%, with dry mouth appearing at approximately 3%. Vague discomfort and loss of appetite appear at 2%. The threshold for impaired exercise thermoregulation is 1% dehydration, and at 4% decrements of 20-30% is seen in work capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Hyperchloremia – Why and How
    Document downloaded from http://www.elsevier.es, day 23/05/2017. This copy is for personal use. Any transmission of this document by any media or format is strictly prohibited. n e f r o l o g i a 2 0 1 6;3 6(4):347–353 Revista de la Sociedad Española de Nefrología www.revistanefrologia.com Brief review Hyperchloremia – Why and how Glenn T. Nagami Nephrology Section, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, United States a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Hyperchloremia is a common electrolyte disorder that is associated with a diverse group of Received 5 April 2016 clinical conditions. The kidney plays an important role in the regulation of chloride concen- Accepted 11 April 2016 tration through a variety of transporters that are present along the nephron. Nevertheless, Available online 3 June 2016 hyperchloremia can occur when water losses exceed sodium and chloride losses, when the capacity to handle excessive chloride is overwhelmed, or when the serum bicarbonate is low Keywords: with a concomitant rise in chloride as occurs with a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis Hyperchloremia or respiratory alkalosis. The varied nature of the underlying causes of the hyperchloremia Electrolyte disorder will, to a large extent, determine how to treat this electrolyte disturbance. Serum bicarbonate Published by Elsevier Espana,˜ S.L.U. on behalf of Sociedad Espanola˜ de Nefrologıa.´ This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
    [Show full text]
  • Hyperthermia & Heat Stroke: Heat-Related Conditions
    Hyperthermia & Heat Stroke: Heat-Related Conditions Joseph Rampulla, MS, APRN,BC eat-related conditions occur when excess heat taxes or overwhelms the body’s thermoregulatory mechanisms. Heat illness is preventable and occurs more Hcommonly than most clinicians realize. Heat illness most seriously affects the poor, urban-dwellers, young children, those with chronic physical and mental illnesses, substance abusers, the elderly, and people who engage in excessive physical The exposure to activity under harsh conditions. While considerable overlap occurs, the important the heat and the concrete during the syndromes are: heat stroke, heat exhaustion, and heat cramps. Heat stroke is a life- hot summer months places many rough threatening emergency and occurs when the loss of thermoregulatory control results sleepers at great risk in hyperpyrexia (very high fever) and severe damage to many internal organs. for heat stroke and hyperthermia. Photo by Epidemiology Sharon Morrison RN Heat illness is generally underreported, and the deaths than all other natural disasters combined in true incidence is unknown. Death rates from other the USA. The elderly, the very poor, and socially causes (e.g. cardiovascular, respiratory) increase isolated individuals are disproportionately affected during heat waves but are generally not reflected in by heat waves. For example, death records during the morbidity and mortality statistics related to heat heat waves invariably include many elders who died illness. Nonetheless, heat waves account for more alone in hot apartments. Age 65 years, chronic The Health Care of Homeless Persons - Part II - Hyperthermia and Heat Stroke 199 illness, and residence in a poor neighborhood are greater than 65.
    [Show full text]
  • ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Diabetic Ketoacidosis and the Hyperglycem
    Received: 11 April 2018 Accepted: 31 May 2018 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12701 ISPAD CLINICAL PRACTICE CONSENSUS GUIDELINES ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Diabetic ketoacidosis and the hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state Joseph I. Wolfsdorf1 | Nicole Glaser2 | Michael Agus1,3 | Maria Fritsch4 | Ragnar Hanas5 | Arleta Rewers6 | Mark A. Sperling7 | Ethel Codner8 1Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 2Department of Pediatrics, Section of Endocrinology, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California 3Division of Critical Care Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 4Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 5Department of Pediatrics, NU Hospital Group, Uddevalla and Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Uddevalla, Sweden 6Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 7Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 8Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile Correspondence Joseph I. Wolfsdorf, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA. Email: [email protected] 1 | SUMMARY OF WHAT IS Risk factors for DKA in newly diagnosed patients include younger NEW/DIFFERENT age, delayed diagnosis, lower socioeconomic status, and residence in a country with a low prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Recommendations concerning fluid management have been modified Risk factors for DKA in patients with known diabetes include to reflect recent findings from a randomized controlled clinical trial omission of insulin for various reasons, limited access to medical ser- showing no difference in cerebral injury in patients rehydrated at dif- vices, and unrecognized interruption of insulin delivery in patients ferent rates with either 0.45% or 0.9% saline.
    [Show full text]
  • Individual & Combined Effects of Hyperthermia, Dehydration
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Master's Theses University of Connecticut Graduate School 5-7-2011 Individual & Combined Effects of Hyperthermia, Dehydration & Fatigue Balance Megan M. VanSumeren University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Recommended Citation VanSumeren, Megan M., "Individual & Combined Effects of Hyperthermia, Dehydration & Fatigue Balance" (2011). Master's Theses. 104. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/gs_theses/104 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Connecticut Graduate School at OpenCommons@UConn. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of OpenCommons@UConn. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Individual and Combined Effects of Hyperthermia, Dehydration and Fatigue Balance Megan M. VanSumeren B.S., Central Michigan University, 2008 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts At the University of Connecticut 2010 1 APPROVAL PAGE Master of Arts Thesis Individual and Combined Effects of Hyperthermia, Dehydration and Fatigue Balance Presented by Megan M. VanSumeren, ATC Major Advisor ________________________________________________________________ Douglas J. Casa, PhD, ATC, FACSM, FNATA Associate Advisor __________________________________________________________________ Lindsay J. Distefano, PhD, FACSM Associate Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Lawrence E. Armstrong, PhD, FACSM Associate Advisor ___________________________________________________________________ Carl M. Maresh, PhD, FACSM University of Connecticut 2010 2 Acknowledgements Over the last two years I have been very grateful to have spent so much time working with such highly respected professors. I have been extremely fortunate in the opportunity I was given to work on this research study and there are several people who made this experience possible. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and admiration for these individuals.
    [Show full text]
  • Spironolactone Film-Coated Tablets Module 1.3.1 Page 1 of 10 1.3
    Spironolactone film-coated tablets 1.3 Product Information 1.3.1 SPC, labeling and package leaflet 1.3.1.3 Package leaflet Package leaflet is presented on subsequent pages: Module 1.3.1 Page 1 of 10 Spironolactone film-coated tablets Packaging Leaflet (English) -Enclosed- Module 1.3.1 Page 2 of 10 Spironolactone film-coated tablets Package leaflet: Information for the user Spironolactone Accord 25 mg film-coated tablets Spironolactone Accord 50 mg film-coated tablets Spironolactone Accord 100 mg film-coated tablets Spironolactone Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start using this medicine because it contains important information for you. Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again. If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. This medicine has been prescribed for you only. Do not pass it on to others. It may harm them, even iftheir signs of illness are the same as yours. If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or pharmacist or nurse. This includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. See section 4. What is in this leaflet: 1. What Spironolactone Accord is and what it is used for 2. What you need to know before you take Spironolactone Accord 3. How to take Spironolactone Accord 4. Possible side effects 5. How to store Spironolactone Accord 6. Contents of the pack and other information 1. What Spironolactone Accord is and what it is used for The active ingredient of the tablets is Spironolactone. Spironolactone belongs to a particular group of medicines, known as aldosterone antagonists, which inhibit the action of the hormone aldosterone.
    [Show full text]
  • Serum Bicarbonate and Dehydration Severity in Gastroenteritis 71
    70 Arch Dis Child 1998;78:70–71 Serum bicarbonate and dehydration severity in Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.78.1.70 on 1 January 1998. Downloaded from gastroenteritis Hassib Narchi Abstract The degree of dehydration was estimated as The concentration of bicarbonate was mild, moderate, or severe by a paediatrician or measured in serum samples from 106 an emergency room doctor (table 1). Concen- children with gastroenteritis and dehy- trations of urea, creatinine, electrolytes, and dration. A concentration less than 22 bicarbonate in serum were measured on a mmol/l was more common in children venous specimen before treatment. A reduced with severe dehydration, but the magni- serum bicarbonate concentration was defined tude of bicarbonate reduction was not sig- as less than 22 mmol/l and an increased anion nificantly diVerent with increasing gap as greater than 16 mmol/l. Blood pH was degrees of dehydration. Doctors should not routinely measured. The glomerular filtra- not rely on the serum bicarbonate concen- tion rate (GFR) was estimated by the formula tration when assessing fluid deficit. devised by Schwartz et al.6 It was defined as (Arch Dis Child 1998;78:70–71) reduced if it fell two standard deviations below the mean for age and sex. The specific gravity Keywords: dehydration; gastroenteritis; serum bicarbo- and pH of urine were measured on the first nate urine sample obtained at presentation. Rehy- dration treatment (by mouth or intravenous) was prescribed at the discretion of the attend- Metabolic acidosis occurs in dehydrated pa- ing doctor. tients with gastroenteritis; there are multiple Statistical analysis of the results was carried causes of this acidosis.1–5 It is generally believed out by the Mann-Whitney test to compare two that acidosis, equated with a reduced concen- means, analysis of variance for more than two tration of bicarbonate in serum, reflects the means, the Kruskal-Wallis one way analysis of severity of dehydration, although no study sub- variance for non-parametric means, and the 2 stantiating this has been found.
    [Show full text]
  • Dehydration (In Adults) and How to Prevent It
    Dehydration (in Adults) and How to Prevent It What is dehydration? Dehydration is not having enough water in your body. You need water to breathe, sweat, pass urine and stool and stay healthy. When you do not have enough water, you are at higher risk for problems such as: • kidney stones • low blood pressure • heat exhaustion • urinary tract infections • kidney failure • constipation • salivary gland function problems What causes dehydration? There are many causes for dehydration. Some of these are: • changes from aging such as less desire to drink or having poor taste buds • drinking too much caffeine or alcohol • exercising • being outside in hot weather • fever, infection, vomiting, diarrhea • not being able or allowed to have fluids because of medical problems • taking medications such as water pills and some heart medications • overusing laxatives What are the signs dehydration? There are many signs of dehydration. Some are: • feeling light-headed • headaches • feeling very tired • muscle cramps • dry mouth, lips, nose, sunken eyes • dark urine with a strong smell • reduced urine output • falling • feeling confused Ways to prevent dehydration . • Follow a healthy diet. If you would like some help with your diet or have a medical problem, talk to your doctor or a dietitian. • Drink 6 to 8 glasses of water a day to maintain your fluid balance. If you have heart or kidney disease, talk to your doctor or a dietitian to see how much you can drink. • Check the colour of your urine. When your urine is dark or strong smelling you may need more fluids. • If you have diarrhea, vomiting or a fever, drink more fluids.
    [Show full text]
  • Toolbox Talks
    TOOLBOX TALKS Hangovers and dehydration The purpose of this toolbox talk is to provide some basic information about “hangovers” and how they are a potential job safety issue. This will primarily address “the morning after” effect. The hangover is caused in part by dehydration, and drinking alcohol can lead to dehydration. Alcohol has a diuretic effect. Alcohol increases the body’s production of urine, leading to a loss of fluids and electrolytes that are needed for normal body functioning. Excessive drinking can cause vomiting, leading to further loss of fluids and electrolytes. Although dehydration is not the only cause of a hangover, it contributes to commonly known hangover symptoms, such as increased thirst, fatigue, headache and dizziness. Here are three tips on how to avoid and address a hangover: 1. When drinking alcohol, alternate between a glass of water and a drink. Though this won’t necessarily prevent dehydration, it can help moderate alcohol intake. 2. Increasing your water intake in general may help reduce some symptoms of hangovers, and even prevent them altogether. 3. If you have a hangover, stay hydrated with water or electrolyte-rich drinks, such as sport drinks. Be careful with sport drinks: they usually also contain a lot of sugar. Being dehydrated because of a hangover, like any other sickness, can impact your ability to focus on the job. Even if your blood alcohol level is low enough and you can legally work, you should still consider your physical state as impaired and potentially dangerous. Here are four questions to ask yourself before going to work if you are hungover: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulation of Water and Electrolyte Metabolism During Dehydration and Rehydration in Camels Ali Abdullah Al-Qarawi Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1997 Regulation of water and electrolyte metabolism during dehydration and rehydration in camels Ali Abdullah Al-Qarawi Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, Physiology Commons, and the Veterinary Physiology Commons Recommended Citation Al-Qarawi, Ali Abdullah, "Regulation of water and electrolyte metabolism during dehydration and rehydration in camels " (1997). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 11766. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/11766 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly fi'om the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be fi'om any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper aligxmient can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.
    [Show full text]