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The Effect of Hyperthermia, Dehydration, and Fatigue on a Repeated Countermovement Jump

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The Effect of Hyperthermia, Dehydration, and Fatigue on a Repeated Countermovement Jump ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF HYPERTHERMIA, DEHYDRATION, AND FATIGUE ON A REPEATED COUNTERMOVEMENT JUMP Purpose: To evaluate the effects of exercise-induced hyperthermia, dehydration, and fatigue on performance of a 20-s repeated countermovement jump (CMJ), as well as the efficacy of a personalized hydration plan. Methods: Five males aged 25.4 years (SD=5.7) completed two trials involving 50-90 min of intermittent exercise-heat stress outdoors (≥35°C) with (EXP) and without (CON) fluid replacement equal to sweat rate in a counterbalanced, randomized, cross-over fashion. Dehydration was determined by percent body mass (BM) loss (pre- exercise BM–post-exercise BM). Exercise termination criteria were gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi)=39.5°C and self-rated fatigue ≥7/10, or 90 min of exercise. Peak power (PP) and mean peak power (MPP) during CMJ were measured pre- and post-exercise. Statistical Analysis: Repeated measures ANOVA evaluated primary independent and dependent variables while a priori dependent t-tests assessed pairwise comparisons of importance. Results: No interaction, group, or time main effects were observed for PP or MPP (p≥0.084). Post-exercise dehydration (%) was greater in CON (M=2.59, SD=0.52) vs. EXP (M=0.92, SD=0.41; p<0.001), but hyperthermia (°C) (CON, M=39.29, SD=0.31; EXP, M=39.03, SD=0.61; p=0.425) and fatigue (CON, M=9.2, SD=0.9; EXP, M=8.5, SD=1.7; p=0.424) were similar. Conclusion: Anaerobic power was not affected by exercise-induced hyperthermia, dehydration, and fatigue achieved in this study, nor fluid replacement, likely because hyperthermia was mild and the dehydration in CON was not >3%. Stephen Wolf December 2016 THE EFFECT OF HYPERTHERMIA, DEHYDRATION, AND FATIGUE ON A REPEATED COUNTERMOVEMENT JUMP by Stephen Wolf A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Kinesiology in the College of Health and Human Services California State University, Fresno December 2016 APPROVED For the Department of Kinesiology We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. Stephen Wolf Thesis Author Tim Anderson (Chair) Kinesiology Luke Pryor Kinesiology Riana Pryor Kinesiology For the University Graduate Committee: Dean, Division of Graduate Studies AUTHORIZATION FOR REPRODUCTION OF MASTER’S THESIS X I grant permission for the reproduction of this thesis in part or in its entirety without further authorization from me, on the condition that the person or agency requesting reproduction absorbs the cost and provides proper acknowledgment of authorship. Permission to reproduce this thesis in part or in its entirety must be obtained from me. Signature of thesis author: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to say thank you to the individuals who participated in this study for volunteering your time and hard effort for the sake of science. I would also like to thank the undergraduate students who volunteered their time to assist in collecting data. Testing was much more manageable thanks to you all. Thank you to Alex Gregory, Megan Buettner, and Sam Bracksieck for all of your hard work to make this study happen. It was certainly a learning experience, and I’m thankful to have had all of your help. I am very thankful to Dr. Luke Pryor and Dr. Riana Pryor for being great mentors throughout the research process. You both have done so much to facilitate the learning process and to prepare me for the next step in my education. I would also like to express my gratitude to Dr. Tim Anderson for his support as my thesis chair. Thank you as well to the Graduate Student Research and Creative Activities Support Award which helped support me during the research process Last, but certainly not least, I want to thank my parents for their continued support throughout my educational experience. It has been quite a journey, and I am very fortunate to have had your support all along. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. vii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 Purpose .............................................................................................................. 3 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................ 3 Significance ....................................................................................................... 4 Delimitations ..................................................................................................... 4 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 5 Assumptions ...................................................................................................... 6 Definition of Terms ........................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .................................................. 8 Temperature and Neuromuscular Function ....................................................... 8 Hyperthermia and Anaerobic Performance ....................................................... 9 Fatigue and Anaerobic Performance ............................................................... 13 Dehydration and Anaerobic Performance ....................................................... 15 Hyperthermia, Fatigue, and Dehydration and Anaerobic Performance .......... 18 Exertional Heat Illness .................................................................................... 19 Hydration ......................................................................................................... 21 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 3: METHODS ..................................................................................... 25 Experimental Design ....................................................................................... 25 Participants ...................................................................................................... 26 vi vi Page Procedures ....................................................................................................... 26 Instrumentation ............................................................................................... 28 Statistical Analysis .......................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS ....................................................................................... 32 Demographics ................................................................................................. 32 Environmental Conditions .............................................................................. 32 Intermittent Exercise Protocol Responses ....................................................... 33 Countermovement Jump Performance ............................................................ 35 CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION ................................................................................. 40 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 46 APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ 52 APPENDIX A: INFORMED CONSENT .............................................................. 53 APPENDIX B: MEDICAL HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE ................................. 62 APPENDIX C: HEAT ACCLIMATION AND TRAINING HISTORY QUESTIONNAIRE ..................................................................................... 67 APPENDIX D: PERCEPTUAL SCALES ............................................................. 69 LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of Participant ......................................................... 32 Table 2 Environmental Conditions During Intermittent Exercise ........................ 33 LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Differences in peak and mean power output between control ............... 12 Figure 2. Relationship between fluid loss (% dehydration) and power (% change in power) ..................................................................................... 15 Figure 3. Comparisons of mean (A) and peak (B) CMJ height at baseline and after control (CON) and hot (HOT) trials ............................................... 19 Figure 4. Experimental design. .............................................................................. 25 Figure 5. Sport-specific interval exercise protocol. ............................................... 29 Figure 6. Gastrointestinal temperature during the intermittent exercise protocol for CON and EXP trials ............................................................ 34 Figure 7. Comparisons of fatigue pre- and post- exercise between EXP and CON trials. .............................................................................................. 35 Figure 8. CMJ power responses in EXP and CON relative peak power (top) and relative mean peak power (bottom) from pre-ex to post-ex. ........... 36 Figure 9. Fatigue index responses in EXP (top) and CON (bottom)
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