Prevention and Management of post complications WHY ? The Stroke is only the start… Disclosure  I have no relevant financial interest, arrangements or affiliation with any of the products mentioned during this presentation.  In relation to this presentation there are no conflicting interests to disclose. How  Prevention:  Pathways, Standard order set, dedicated nursing

 Diagnosis: High index of suspicion, raised awareness of common complications

 Early Treatment: complication specific and aggressive

 Care and outcome improve with specialized multidisciplinary Stroke Unit Common – to be avoided!

 Hypoperfusion   Hypoglycemia Complications post Stroke  Neurologically:  Psychological:  Recurrent Stroke  Depression  Seizure  Emotionalism   Anxiety  Urinary tract infection >20%,  Confusion common  Pneumonia 20%, with 25% death in first month  Complication of immobility :  Falls  Pressure ulcers  Thromboembolism Mortality

 Week 1: 90 % direct related to Infarct  Edema, Extension, Rebleed, Herniation

 Week 2-4: & DVT ,  Risk remains high for 3 months

 Weeks 8-12: Bronchopneumonia,

Seizures

 Up to 8.6% of all Stroke  Often partial with potential to secondary generalization  7.1 % inhibitory seizure mimics TIA symptoms  Early seizures in 3.5% most occurring within 24hours  More common in severe disabling stroke, with cortical involvement, and hemorrhagic stroke

Neurology, Jan31, 2014 Jimming Fan et al large Multicenter study 10261 patients Seizures  Exclude other reasons, determine cause  Recurrent stroke, hemorrhagic transformation  other underlying brain  General causes of seizures to consider:  ETOH withdrawal  Drugs including, anti-epileptic drug withdrawal  Electrolyte imbalance, especially in renal disease   Hypomagnesemia  EEG is beneficial in non convulsive seizures for assessment.

Who to treat and How long?

 Early onset seizure recurrence rate 16%  But increase in-hospital mortality  Late onset seizure reoccurrence 50%  Promote vascular cognitive impairment  Increases disability  In early onset seizure discontinuation of treatment can be considered after a few months

Treatment:  Initial: Lorazepam and Dilantin load initially THEN

 Discussion with neurology suggested  Drugs  Classic: Carbamazepine, Ethosuximide, Phenobarbital, Primidone, and Valproic acid  newer: Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam(Keppra), Lacosamide (Vimpat), Topiramate (Topamax), Gabapentin, Pregabaline  No Guidelines! Drug choice guided by interaction, profile and physician preference Emotions post Stroke

Psychological complications  Acute phase:  Overt sadness 72%  Disinhibition 56%  Lack of adaption 44%  Environmental withdrawal 40%  Crying 27%  Anosognosial passitivity 24%

 A third of patient have poor memory or no memory of event

Stroke location and emotional implication  Strong correlation with aphasia and left insular location: 66% of these develop depression later in chronic stage

 Acute seen in left PICA Infarct

 Left frontal Stroke, Basal ganglion lesion:  Post Stroke depression 40%  25%

Summary  Be proactive!  Admit to Stroke unit!  Early recognition and treatment of complications Improve recovery + overall outcome  The difference between life and death

Thank you for your attention! References

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