38 2000 Tobacco Industry Projects—a Listing (173 pp.) Project “A”: American Tobacco Co. plan from 1959 to enlist Professors Hirsch and Shapiro of NYU’s Institute of Mathematical Science to evaluate “statistical material purporting to show association between smoking and lung cancer.” Hirsch and Shapiro concluded that “such analysis is not feasible because the studies did not employ the methods of mathematical science but represent merely a collection of random data, or counting noses as it were.” Statistical studies of the lung cancer- smoking relation were “utterly meaningless from the mathematical point of view” and that it was “impossible to proceed with a mathematical analysis of the proposition that cigarette smoking is a cause of lung cancer.” AT management concluded that this result was “not surprising” given the “utter paucity of any direct evidence linking smoking with lung canner.”112 Project A: Tobacco Institute plan from 1967 to air three television spots on smoking & health. Continued goal of the Institute to test its ability “to alter public opinion and knowledge of the asserted health hazards of cigarette smoking by using paid print media space.” CEOs in the fall of 1967 had approved the plan, which was supposed to involve “before-and-after opinion surveys on elements of the smoking and health controversy” to measure the impact of TI propaganda on this issue.”113 Spots were apparently refused by the networks in 1970, so plan shifted to Project B. Project A-040: Brown and Williamson effort from 1972 to 114 Project AA: Secret RJR effort from 1982-84 to find out how to improve “the RJR share of market among young adult women.” Appeal would 112 Janet C. Brown to Mr. Whiteside (American Tobacco), “RE: American Tobacco – Lung Cancer Litigation General – Project ‘A’,” April 20, 1959, Bates 968237236-7238. 113 AHD to WK Jr. (Kloepfer?) (Tobacco Institute), “Re: Authorization of TI Staff” (circa 1968 or thereafter), Bates TIMN0004649. 114 H. C. Woertz, “Development Center Project A-040,” Sept. 22, 1972, Bates 660082477. 39 be to “stylish segment” smokers without raising “negative `snob’ perceptions.” 115 Involved collaboration with fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent “to gain further consumer understanding of the 116 18-24 year old female market” $82 million had been spent on this by 1985. The goal was Project Abbott: BAT effort to make a JPS Lights for European Duty Free market, made in Brussels, launched in 1993. Project Abstract: Philip Morris 1971-73 “center-core cigarette program” evaluated using Project 2104 tobacco substitutes, such as sugar beet pulp and various synthetics.117 Philip Morris ordered special Molins making machines for this purpose, which Wakeham characterized (in a letter to Molins’ president) “highly confidential” and to be kept under “maximum security.”118 Project Abstract: Community Alliance Project with National Association of State Boards of Education (1988) to promote Philip Morris’ “Helping Youth Decide” program. Project Ace: Philip Morris effort from 1993 to make a carton or container splitter, recloser gluer and flap folding device. Project Achilles: BAT effort from 1986 to use a gold metallised board in packaging; linked to Project Tendon. Project Actor: Brown and Williamson effort from 1994 to develop “a 9 mg product that is superior to Marlboro Lights KS among Marlboro Lights KS smokers.” Used coaxial design (separate core and periphery blends) to “reach up” to higher tar users. Didn’t score so well on the DuPont Hedonic Attribute Test. Project AD: Reynolds effort from 1984-87 to develop a cigarette with no biological activity, no sidestream smoke, no carbon monoxide, and “improved disposability.” For smokers in the “Concerned” 115 “Project AA” (Reynolds), Dec. 1982, Bates 514107021-7023. 116 Bates 502776261/6262. 117 Philip Morris, “Work Completed, Underway or Planned on Project Abstract,” Oct. 19, 1971, Bates 1000841304-1305. 118 Helmut Wakeham to Ralph Beck (Molins), April 20, 1973 Bates 000245189. 40 and “Moderation” segments of the population. An outgrowth of Project SPA, Reynolds’ effort to make a smokeless cigarette (Premier brand).119 Cigarette would have reusable holder. Project Adamite: Philip Morris Europe (Neuchatel) effort from 1987 to standardize the base flavors used in German LAG cigarettes. Project Adige: Philip Morris Europe (Neuchatel) effort from 1988-89 to develop a low tar cigarette using a filter made from tobacco stems and expanded blend sprayed with an after-expansion flavoring solution. Project Admoist: Philip Morris Europe (Neuchatel) effort from 1988 to provide assistance to Neuchatel’s Engineering and Onnens Operations for the evaluation of a Dickinson ADMOIST conditioning system for the reordering of expanded tobacco (in preparation for rolling)120 Project Adolescent Morbidity: AT Co 1988 study up to age 17. Project Adrian II: PME effort from 1983 to make a low weight 90 mm cig for the female smoker for Sweden . Project Adularia: Philip Morris Europe (Neuchatel) effort from 1987 to standardize the flavor bases used for its MLF cigarettes (aka Project 5030). Project ADV Model 56: American Tobacco effort from 1992 to develop a low-tar (5 mg) special blend from Carlton incorporating increased levels of expanded tobacco to regulate burn rate and puff count. Project Advance: Reynolds effort from 1975 to develop a special blend in collaboration with MacDonald Tobacco Inc. of Montreal. Project Advance: Brown and Williamson effort from 1979 with Souza Cruz exploring pretesting of “low budget films.” Jagger of Souza Cruz worked on this, as did James P. Wilhelm (Project Manager) of Brown & Williamson. Project Advance: Philip Morris effort from 1984 to investigate “non-burning pleasure articles,” cigarette-like objects that would deliver an aerosol of “nicotine, flavors and other satisfying components” with “very low biological activity” and little or no sidestream 119 S. R. Strawsburg to R. A. Kampe, “New Product Technologies - Resource Requirements,” Oct. 21, 1987, Bates 506250360-0379; R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., “Strategy Development Worksheet,” April 1, 1984, Bates 502114589-4598. 120 Philip Morris Europe, “Research and Development, Neuchatel – Quarterly Report,” Oct.- Dec. 1988, Bates 2028635274-5452, at 5279. 41 smoke. Heat sources explored included electrical batteries, chemical power (photoflash or thermite), SWEPT devices, etc.121 Later expanded (as Project Vanguard) to include cold Unpowered Vapor Devices, heated devices, and mechanical devices for atomization but also SWEPT devices such as whistles, capillaries, and packed beds. The idea behind the “electric cigarette” was that a battery would heat a nichrome wire, warming and vaporizing the nicotine. From this also grew Project Leap. Philip Morris also worked with General Electric “to provide additional expertise in developing the electric cigarette concept.” Project Advance: American Tobacco effort from 1992 to consumer test model 100- mm cigarettes against Marlboro Lights, Merit, Winston Lights, and Vantage cigarettes. Project Adverb: Brown & Williamson effort from 1987-89 to identify “those aspects of Marlboro KS Tobacco that contribute to its superior smoke sensory qualities.” Adverb “teachings” included “ammonia chemistry through NH3,” “urea, DAP and ammonium carbonate”; ureas/DAP in paper recon”; “NH3/DAP in Band-Cast Recon, and ammonium carbonate expanded tobacco.”122 Project Adverb found that “controlled ammonia processing” was “the soul of Marlboro.”123 Project AERO: RJR effort from 1988 to develop 6 and 7mg tar concentrations for regular and king size cigarettes for Canada. Tested against Player’s Extra Light. Project Aero: BAT Southampton effort from 1990-91 to conduct certain field tests in the U.K. with regard to price sensitivities. Involved the use of new statistical methods and computer programs. 121 ??? Bates 2020045324-5325. 122 Brown and Williamson, “Implementation of Adverb Teachings,” circa 1989, Bates B01295031-5046. Check date ??? 123 J. H. Lauterbach and R. R. Johnson (Brown & Williamson R&D), “The Project Adverb Study of Marlboro KS,” Oct. 10, 1989, Bates 570244005-4027. 42 Project AF: BAT project that began (in 1964) as “Project AIRFERM,” an effort to develop bright tobacco leaves with the smoking properties of cigar tobaccos.124 See Project AIRFERM. Project AF: Reynolds effort from mid-1980s to allow smokers “to choose the level of rich taste delivery with each cigarette smoked” by means of an adjustable filter. Grew from “Dial-a-Filter” concept of 1981, an idea also explored by Philip Morris (both companies submitted patents). Allowed an adjustment range of plus or minus 4mg tar.125 Aka Project Adjustable Rich Taste Delivery. Linked to Project VB. Project AFC: American Tobacco Co. effort from 1981-83 to develop an “additive-free cigarette” (hence the acronym) using a tobacco blend without casing, flavor or humectants. Later models used circa 56 % ventilation and incorporated flavors into the filter. An 1983 analysis showed 2.09 percent nicotine. Project AFC: Reynolds effort from 1983 to develop a “technology-driven brand utilizing adjustable filter technology.”126 Project AFT: Brown & Williamson effort from the early 1980s to develop a “new international full flavor brand” competitive with Marlboro and Winston. Cigarette was to be “short and memorable,” and to “convey manliness and virility.”127 Also an effort (by the same company at the same time) to make a no additives cigarette (“Additive-Free”?). Led to Projects AFC-C and AFC-T. Project AFT: Reynolds effort from 1991, no further information. Project Agades: Philip Morris Europe effort from 1991 to develop a Virginia type, Bond Street KS non-ventilated cigarette for West-Africa.128 Project Agate: Philip Morris Europe effort from 1988 to reformulate the base flavor of the FELTON line. 124 “The AIRFERM (AF) Project,” 100657321-100657324 125 “Smoking Issues – Project CC Status” (Reynolds), 1985, Bates 503711931-1940. 126 Reynolds, “Project DB,” 1983, Bates 502787948-7968 at 7962. 127 “Basic Conceptual Framework. Project Aft,” n.d., Bates 660916102-6113. 128 A. M. Kopp (Philip Morris Europe, R&D Neuchatel), “Cigarette Development EEMA” (Quarterly Report, New Product Development), Oct.–Dec. 1991, Bates 2028633693-3698.