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Mental Health and Environmental Exposures from the Learning and Developmental Disabilities Initiative, November 2008 This fact sheet discusses the connections between environmental exposures to physical Symptoms and Diagnoses and chemical agents and mental health There is a difference between psychiatric symptoms and symptoms and conditions. While many of us psychiatric diagnoses. Psychiatric symptoms may range recognize that environmental exposures to from relatively minor symptoms such as changes in sleep toxic substances can lead to disease, disability patterns or appetite to severe symptoms such as and other medical conditions, the connections hallucinations, memory loss or suicidal behavior. to psychiatric conditions are not as well- Diagnoses are medical designations performed by known. However, there is a substantial licensed professionals or trained researchers using amount of scientific evidence that certain validated instruments. A particular diagnosis can require exposures can lead to both temporary and the presence of a group of symptoms and may also take long-term psychiatric symptoms and illness. into account the duration of symptoms, absence of certain other symptoms, or the level of impairment. (See the In this fact sheet, you’ll find a summary of Resources section on page 15 for more information.) This what is known about the connections between fact sheet provides information on how both diagnoses these substances and mental health and symptoms are impacted by exposures to chemicals symptoms, the most common sources of and substances in our environment. exposure, and ways that you might reduce or prevent these exposures. Although developmental delays, mental retardation and learning disabilities are sometimes regarded as psychiatric Prevention ................................................2 disorders, this fact sheet does not discuss these Metals........................................................3 conditions. Other materials from the Learning and lead, mercury, aluminum, arsenic, manganese, Developmental Disabilities Initiative (LDDI), listed in the thalium and tin Resources section on page 15, focus on connections Pesticides .................................................7 between environmental exposures and these conditions. Solvents ....................................................7 A list of all the psychiatric symptoms associated with Toxic Gases ..............................................8 environmental exposures discussed in this fact sheet is on PBBs and PCBs........................................9 page 16. Other Chemicals and Compounds........10 alcohol and recreational drugs, tobacco, boron, Symptoms Often Associated with Some Common carbon dioxide, vinyl chloride, endocrine Psychiatric Conditions disruptors and food additives Mood Disorders Ionizing Radiation ..................................11 includes depressive and bipolar disorders Glossary..................................................13 depressed mood Mental health professionals often use a diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all specific, technical vocabulary when describing activities symptoms. This fact sheet uses this weight loss vocabulary to be as accurate and precise as insomnia or hypersomnia possible, even though some terms may not be fatigue familiar to our audience. You’ll find many (Continued on page 2) terms defined in the glossary. Page 2 Learning and Developmental Disabilities Initiative (Continued from page 1) repetitive behaviors or mental acts feelings of worthlessness intense fear, helplessness, or horror excessive or inappropriate guilt recurrent and intrusive images, thoughts, diminished ability to think or concentrate distressing dreams, feeling as if a traumatic event recurrent thoughts of death is recurring suicidal ideation or suicide attempt symptoms of increased arousal persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood difficulty falling or staying asleep inflated self-esteem or grandiosity irritability or outbursts of anger decreased need for sleep difficulty concentrating more talkative than usual hypervigilance flight of ideas, racing thoughts exaggerated startle response distractibility Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Anxiety Disorders Disorders includes panic, obsessive-compulsive and includes attention-deficit/hyperactivity, conduct and posttraumatic stress disorders oppositional defiant disorders pounding heart, accelerated heart rate inattention sweating hyperactivity trembling or shaking impulsivity sensations of shortness of breath or smothering aggression to people and animals feeling of choking destruction of property chest pain or discomfort deceitfulness or theft nausea serious violation of rules feel dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, faint negativistic, hostile and defiant behavior feelings of unreality or feel detached from oneself Psychotic Disorders fear of losing control or going crazy includes schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders fear of dying delusions numbness or tingling sensations hallucinations chills or hot flushes disorganized speech recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses or grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior images that cause anxiety or distress flat or inappropriate affect workplace, in food and water, and so on. Even our Prevention very neighborhoods may be toxic, with some You can take actions to prevent environmental research showing that residential proximity to exposures to toxic substances that can contribute to industrial activity can have a negative impact on psychiatric symptoms. Identifying and removing the mental health. exposure may improve the symptoms and the Parents and other family members, teachers, quality of life for the affected individuals and their coworkers and health-care providers are families. Unfortunately, some effects of some encouraged to look for physical cues related to exposures are irreversible, and so preventing the mental health issues. However, individual vigilance exposure in the first place is always the best route. can go only so far: prevention of many exposures The Resources section on page 15 lists requires society-level policy changes. We need to organizations that have more information about work as a society — through public policy, preventing exposures. regulation and enforcement — to remove toxic Many of the tables in this document provide substances from consumer products, buildings, information about likely places of exposure to toxic workplaces, water, soil and air to prevent unwanted substances, including at home, at school, in the health outcomes. Mental Health and Environmental Exposures Page 3 Some of the toxic substances listed in this fact exposure early in life has also been connected to sheet are no longer used or may even have been Alzheimer’s disease many years later, and some banned. That does not mean that we are safe from evidence also associates lead with diagnoses of them. Some of these substances remain in landfills, schizophrenia. homes, schools, workplaces, soil and water, where we or our food may come into contact with them. Symptoms Sources of Exposure Occupational exposure is obviously a risk for academic problems leaded paint on walls, workers, but it may put their families at risk as well. or behavior furniture and toys Pesticides, metal particles or dust, solvents and changes drinking or cooking water other substances are often taken home on clothing, aggression that contacts lead solder shoes, equipment, tools, and even skin and hair. agitation in plumbing Careful removal of take-home exposures is anger vinyl toys, lunchboxes, especially important when children are involved, for antisocial behavior bibs, miniblinds and they are often more sensitive to exposures than anxiety other objects adults. confusion soil contaminated by auto decreased libido exhaust or downwind of This fact sheet does not discuss the level of delinquent behavior a smelter exposure that can lead to mental health symptoms, delusions some herbal and folk in part because much more research needs to be dementia remedies done to ascertain specific levels. There are also depression some paints and pigments substantial differences in individual sensitivity — an hallucinations used in cosmetics or hair exposure that may produce effects in one person impulsivity coloring may not cause any harm in another. insomnia some ceramics or candies, If you suspect that environmental exposures may be irritability especially from outside related to symptoms or conditions described in this mania the US fact sheet — in yourself or someone close to you — mood lability homemade wine please look for a mental-health professional who is nervousness artist’s paint willing to investigate environmental causes with paranoia Occupational exposures: those affected and their families. personality change Exposure to lead is a risk poor concentration in a wide variety of poor memory or occupations involving Metals memory loss ammunition, batteries, suicidal ideation many metals, soldering, Exposure to any of several metals in our tension fertilizers, auto or boat environment can be associated with psychiatric repair, cement, ceramics, diagnoses and symptoms including dementia, In children, also: inks/printing, electronics, depression, anxiety, confusion, memory loss, poor antisocial construction/demolition, concentration, insomnia and more. The metals most crying jewelry, artificial flowers or commonly associated with these symptoms are distractibility leather, insecticides, paint, lead, mercury and aluminum.
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