Medical Terminology Ophthalm/O = Eye Ophthalm/O = Eye Ophthalm/O
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Visual Acuity Assessment
VISUAL ACUITY ASSESSMENT J. R. WEATHERILL Bradford Tests of visual function in cataract patients are performed recognised that patients with macular dysfunction have in order to answer two questions: (I) To what extent is the difficulty in reading out of proportion to their Snellen cataract responsible for the patient's symptoms? (2) Will acuity. This difficultyis probably due to parafoveal scoto removal of the cataract improve the patient's sight? To mas which prevent the whole word being seen at the same answer the firstquestion the optical qualities of the eye are time. If a patient reports that the main problem is with assessed, and to answer the second tests are employed reading, it is helpful to observe whether the patient holds which assess retinal and neural function and which are the page steadily or keeps moving it to avoid scotomas. relatively unaffected by the optical degradation caused by With current reading tests patients with poor macular opacities in the media. At Bradford we employ the tests function can read small print for brief periods, particularly listed in Table I. if they are used to reading and recognise the overall shape of the words. A Logmar equivalent for near vision com Snellen Acuity prising random words of equal length and composed of Although the Snellen acuity test measures the function of letters without either ascenders or descenders, read under only the central 1_20 in monochrome at 100% contrast, it controlled conditions of illumination and at a standard dis is nonetheless the 'gold standard' by which ophthal tance, would provide a more accurate measure of macular mologists judge and are judged. -
GUIDE for the Evaluation of VISUAL Impairment
International Society for Low vision Research and Rehabilitation GUIDE for the Evaluation of VISUAL Impairment Published through the Pacific Vision Foundation, San Francisco for presentation at the International Low Vision Conference VISION-99. TABLE of CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PART 1 – OVERVIEW 3 Aspects of Vision Loss 3 Visual Functions 4 Functional Vision 4 Use of Scales 5 Ability Profiles 5 PART 2 – ASSESSMENT OF VISUAL FUNCTIONS 6 Visual Acuity Assessment 6 In the Normal and Near-normal range 6 In the Low Vision range 8 Reading Acuity vs. Letter Chart Acuity 10 Visual Field Assessment 11 Monocular vs. Binocular Fields 12 PART 3 – ESTIMATING FUNCTIONAL VISION 13 A General Ability Scale 13 Visual Acuity Scores, Visual Field Scores 15 Calculation Rules 18 Functional Vision Score, Adjustments 20 Examples 22 PART 4 – DIRECT ASSESSMENT OF FUNCTIONAL VISION 24 Vision-related Activities 24 Creating an Activity Profile 25 Participation 27 PART 5 – DISCUSSION AND BACKGROUND 28 Comparison to AMA scales 28 Statistical Use of the Visual Acuity Score 30 Comparison to ICIDH-2 31 Bibliography 31 © Copyright 1999 by August Colenbrander, M.D. All rights reserved. GUIDE for the Evaluation of VISUAL Impairment Summer 1999 INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVE Measurement Guidelines for Collaborative Studies of the National Eye Institute (NEI), This GUIDE presents a coordinated system for the Bethesda, MD evaluation of the functional aspects of vision. It has been prepared on behalf of the International WORK GROUP Society for Low Vision Research and Rehabilitation (ISLRR) for presentation at The GUIDE was approved by a Work Group VISION-99, the fifth International Low Vision including the following members: conference. -
Otorhinolaryngology (Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery, ENT)
Published on Health Careers (https://www.healthcareers.nhs.uk) Home > Explore roles > Doctors > Roles for doctors > Surgery > Otorhinolaryngology (ear, nose and throat surgery, ENT) Otorhinolaryngology (ear, nose and throat surgery, ENT) Otorhinolaryngologists (also known as otolaryngologists or ear, nose and throat or ENT Surgeons) are surgical specialists who diagnose, evaluate and manage a wide range of diseases of the head and neck, including the ear, nose and throat regions. This page provides useful information on the nature of the work, the common procedures/interventions, sub-specialties and other roles that may interest you. Nature of the work ENT surgeons often treat conditions that affect the senses such as hearing and balance disorders or smell and taste problems. They also treat patients with conditions that affect their voice, breathing and swallowing as well as those with head and neck tumours including the skull base and interface with the brain. ENT surgeons may treat people of all ages from newborn babies to elderly people. They see more children than most other surgeons, apart from paediatric surgeons. One of the attractions is that they treat a wide spectrum of ages and diseases. A proportion of an ENT surgeon’s time is spent in outpatient clinics and managing conditions medically without the need for surgery. The use of microscopes & endoscopes in outpatients allows treatment/ diagnosis in the clinic. ENT has possibly the widest range of operations of any speciality from major head & neck procedures with flaps & complex -
2018 Department of Ophthalmology Chair Report
SAVE THE▼ DATE Department of 200 Ophthalmology Years www.NYEE.edu Anniversary SPECIALTY REPORT | FALL 2018 www.NYEE.edu Celebration Join us for 200 Years and Counting: Bicentennial Cocktail Celebration October 15, 2020 Research Breakthrough: The Plaza 768 5th Avenue Gene Transfer New York, NY Therapy Restores 200 Years and Counting: Ophthalmology Vision in Mice Symposium October 16, 2020 Stay tuned for details on tickets and registration information. Cover image: Slice of a central retina section showing all layers (ONL, INL, GCL). Red indicates rod photoreceptors, located in outer nuclear layer (ONL). Green indicates Müller glial cells, whose cell bodies are located in inner nuclear layer (INL), and their branches across all three layers. Dark blue indicates the nucleus of all cells in three layers (GCL). Icahn School of Medicine at Medical Directors Neuro-Ophthalmology Uveitis and Ocular Immunology Mount Sinai Departmental Mark Kupersmith, MD Douglas Jabs, MD, MBA Avnish Deobhakta, MD Leadership System Chief, System Chief, Uveitis and Ocular Medical Director, NYEE - Neuro-Ophthalmology, Immunology, MSHS James C. Tsai, MD, MBA East 85th Street MSHS President, NYEE Stephanie Llop, MD System Chair, Department of Robin N. Ginsburg, MD 3 Message From the System Chair of the DepartmentValerie Elmalem, of Ophthalmology MD Sophia Saleem, MD Ophthalmology, MSHS Medical Director, NYEE- Joel Mindel, MD East 102nd Street Louis4 R. Pasquale,Breaking MD New Ground in Gene Transfer Therapy to Restore Vision Affiliated Leadership Ocular Oncology Site Chair, Department of Gennady Landa, MD Paul Finger, MD Ebby Elahi, MD, MBA Ophthalmology, MSH and MSQ Medical Director, NYEE- 6 This i-Doctor Is Transforming the Field of Ophthalmology President, NYEE/MSH System Vice Chair, Translational Williamsburg and Tribeca Ophthalmic Pathology Ophthalmology Alumni Ophthalmology Research, MSHS Jodi Sassoon, MD Society Kira Manusis, MD Inside Feature Site Chair, Pathology, NYEE Medical Director, NYEE- Paul A. -
Ciliary Zonule Sclera (Suspensory Choroid Ligament)
ACTIVITIES Complete Diagrams PNS 18 and 19 Complete PNS 23 Worksheet 3 #1 only Complete PNS 24 Practice Quiz THE SPECIAL SENSES Introduction Vision RECEPTORS Structures designed to respond to stimuli Variable complexity GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS Transducers Receptor potential Generator potential GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS Stimulus causing receptor potentials Generator potential in afferent neuron Nerve impulse SENSATION AND PERCEPTION Stimulatory input Conscious level = perception Awareness = sensation GENERAL PROPERTIES OF RECEPTORS Information conveyed by receptors . Modality . Location . Intensity . Duration ADAPTATION Reduction in rate of impulse transmission when stimulus is prolonged CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS Stimulus Modality . Chemoreceptors . Thermoreceptors . Nociceptors . Mechanoreceptors . Photoreceptors CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS Origin of stimuli . Exteroceptors . Interoceptors . Proprioceptors SPECIAL SENSES Vision Hearing Olfaction Gustation VISION INTRODUCTION 70% of all sensory receptors are in the eye Nearly half of the cerebral cortex is involved in processing visual information Optic nerve is one of body’s largest nerve tracts VISION INTRODUCTION The eye is a photoreceptor organ Refraction Conversion (transduction) of light into AP’s Information is interpreted in cerebral cortex Eyebrow Eyelid Eyelashes Site where conjunctiva merges with cornea Palpebral fissure Lateral commissure Eyelid Medial commissure (a) Surface anatomy of the right eye Figure 15.1a Orbicularis oculi muscle -
Microscopic Anatomy of the Eye Dog Cat Horse Rabbit Monkey Richard R Dubielzig Mammalian Globes Mammalian Phylogeny General Anatomy Dog
Microscopic Anatomy of the eye Dog Cat Horse Rabbit Monkey Richard R Dubielzig Mammalian globes Mammalian Phylogeny General Anatomy Dog Arterial Blood Vessels of the Orbit General Anatomy Dog * Horizontal section Long Posterior Ciliary a. Blood enters the globe Short Post. Ciliary a Long Post. Ciliary a. Anterior Ciliary a. Blood Supply General Anatomy Dog Major arterial circle of the iris Orbital Anatomy Dog Brain Levator Dorsal rectus Ventral rectus Zygomatic Lymph node Orbital Anatomy Dog Orbital Anatomy Dog Cartilaginous trochlea and the tendon of the dorsal oblique m. Orbital Anatomy Dog Rabbit Orbital Anatomy Dog Zygomatic salivary gland mucinous gland Orbital Anatomy Dog Gland of the Third Eyelid Eye lids (dog) Eye lids (dog) Meibomian glands at the lid margin Holocrine secretion Eye lids (primate) Upper tarsal plate Lower tarsal plate Eye lids (rabbit) The Globe The Globe Dog Cat Orangutan Diurnal Horse Diurnal Cornea Epithelium Stromal lamellae Bowman’s layer Dolphin Descemet’s m Endothelium TEM of surface epithelium Cornea Doubling of Descemet’s Vimentin + endothelium Iris Walls: The vertebrate eye Iris Sphincter m. Dilator m Blue-eye, GFAP stain Iris Collagen Iris Cat Sphinctor m. Dilator m. Iris Cat Phyomelanocytes Iris Equine Corpora nigra (Granula iridica) seen in ungulates living without shade Ciliary body Pars plicata Ciliary muscle Pars plana Ciliary body Zonular ligaments Ciliary body Primarily made of fibrillin A major component of elastin Ciliary body Alcian Blue staining acid mucopolysaccharides: Hyaluronic acid Ciliary -
Nasal Polyposis: a Review
Global Journal of Otolaryngology ISSN 2474-7556 Review Article Glob J Otolaryngol - Volume 8 Issue 2 May 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Sushna Maharjan DOI: 10.19080/GJO.2017.0 Nasal Polyposis: A Review Sushna Maharjan1*, Puja Neopane2, Mamata Tiwari1 and Ramesh Parajuli3 1Department of Pathology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal 2Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Japan 3Department of Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal Submission: May 07, 2017; Published: May 30, 2017 *Corresponding author: Sushna Maharjan, Department of Pathology, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital (CMC-TH), P.O. Box 42, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal, Email: Abstract Nasal polyp is a benign lesion that arises from the mucosa of the nasal sinuses or from the mucosa of the nasal cavity as a macroscopic usuallyedematous present mass. with The nasalexact obstruction,etiology is still rhinorrhea unknown and and postnasalcontroversial, drip. but Magnetic it is assumed resonance that imagingmain causes is suggested, are inflammatory particularly conditions to rule andout allergy. It is more common in allergic patients with asthma. Interleukin-5 has found to be significantly raised in nasal polyps. The patients seriousKeywords: conditions Allergy; such Interleukin-5; as neoplasia. Nasal Histopathological polyp; Neoplasia examination is also suggested to rule out malignancy and for definite diagnosis. Abbreviations: M:F- Male: Female; IgE: Immunoglobulin E; IL: Interleukin; CRS: Chronic Rhinosinusitis; HLA: Human Leucocyte Antigen; CT: Computerized Tomography; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Introduction the nose and nasal sinuses characterized by stromal edema and Nasal polyps are characterized by benign lesions that arise from the mucosa of the nasal sinuses, most often from the cause may be different. -
UCSF Ophthalmology Advice Guide Authors: Seanna Grob, MD, MAS
UCSF Ophthalmology Advice Guide Authors: Seanna Grob, MD, MAS and Neeti Parikh, MD Hello! We are excited that you are interested in ophthalmology! It is truly a special field in medicine. From saving someone’s vision after severe eye trauma, to restoring vision with cataract, retina, or cornea surgery, to preserving someone’s vision with glaucoma management and surgery, to reconstructing someone’s periocular area after trauma, burns, or tumor removal, amazing things can happen in ophthalmology. Ophthalmologists love their job and the majority say they would pick this specialty again if they had the choice. An incredible amount of job satisfaction comes from saving someone’s vision! We are here for you in the UCSF Department of Ophthalmology! We have put together this guide to help you through the process. This guide is meant to be very comprehensive. We want to make sure you are aware of all the opportunities and resources you have so that you can plan accordingly. You do not have to do everything we mention! Please feel free to reach out with questions about the specialty, how to get involved, and how to become a great ophthalmology applicant! 1 Medical School A well-rounded application is important for a successful match and any way you can prove to ophthalmology programs that you are dedicated to the field will be helpful to you. As more objective data (such as grades and board scores become less prevalent) other parts of your application will become more important. Various experiences you seek out are not only fun and educational, but will offer exposure to this wonderful field. -
The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: a Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye
Running Head: THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 1 The Complexity and Origins of the Human Eye: A Brief Study on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Origin of the Eye Evan Sebastian A Senior Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation in the Honors Program Liberty University Spring 2010 THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 2 Acceptance of Senior Honors Thesis This Senior Honors Thesis is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation from the Honors Program of Liberty University. ______________________________ David A. Titcomb, PT, DPT Thesis Chair ______________________________ David DeWitt, Ph.D. Committee Member ______________________________ Garth McGibbon, M.S. Committee Member ______________________________ Marilyn Gadomski, Ph.D. Assistant Honors Director ______________________________ Date THE COMPLEX HUMAN EYE 3 Abstract The human eye has been the cause of much controversy in regards to its complexity and how the human eye came to be. Through following and discussing the anatomical and physiological functions of the eye, a better understanding of the argument of origins can be seen. The anatomy of the human eye and its many functions are clearly seen, through its complexity. When observing the intricacy of vision and all of the different aspects and connections, it does seem that the human eye is a miracle, no matter its origins. Major biological functions and processes occurring in the retina show the intensity of the eye’s intricacy. After viewing the eye and reviewing its anatomical and physiological domain, arguments regarding its origins are more clearly seen and understood. Evolutionary theory, in terms of Darwin’s thoughts, theorized fossilization of animals, computer simulations of eye evolution, and new research on supposed prior genes occurring in lower life forms leading to human life. -
Study Guide Medical Terminology by Thea Liza Batan About the Author
Study Guide Medical Terminology By Thea Liza Batan About the Author Thea Liza Batan earned a Master of Science in Nursing Administration in 2007 from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio. She has worked as a staff nurse, nurse instructor, and level department head. She currently works as a simulation coordinator and a free- lance writer specializing in nursing and healthcare. All terms mentioned in this text that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capitalized. Use of a term in this text shouldn’t be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Copyright © 2017 by Penn Foster, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to Copyright Permissions, Penn Foster, 925 Oak Street, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18515. Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INSTRUCTIONS 1 READING ASSIGNMENTS 3 LESSON 1: THE FUNDAMENTALS OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 5 LESSON 2: DIAGNOSIS, INTERVENTION, AND HUMAN BODY TERMS 28 LESSON 3: MUSCULOSKELETAL, CIRCULATORY, AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM TERMS 44 LESSON 4: DIGESTIVE, URINARY, AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TERMS 69 LESSON 5: INTEGUMENTARY, NERVOUS, AND ENDOCRINE S YSTEM TERMS 96 SELF-CHECK ANSWERS 134 © PENN FOSTER, INC. 2017 MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY PAGE III Contents INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION Welcome to your course on medical terminology. You’re taking this course because you’re most likely interested in pursuing a health and science career, which entails proficiencyincommunicatingwithhealthcareprofessionalssuchasphysicians,nurses, or dentists. -
Adrenaline Dacryolith: Detection by Ultrasound Examination of the Nasolacrimal Duct
Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.72.12.935 on 1 December 1988. Downloaded from British Journal ofOphthalmology, 1988, 72, 935-937 Adrenaline dacryolith: detection by ultrasound examination of the nasolacrimal duct JOHN A BRADBURY,' IAN G RENNIE,' AND M ANDREW PARSONS2 From the Departments of'Ophthalmology and 2Pathology, University ofSheffield SUMMARY A 73-year-old woman on topical pilocarpine and adrenaline for chronic simple glaucoma for three years presented with a mass in the medial canthus of the right eye. Although dacryocystography showed a dilated and partially obstructed nasolacrimal system, ultrasound examination was able to demonstrate a mass in the nasolacrimal duct. At operation a black dacryolith was found, of the diameter predicted by ultrasound. Histological examination of the dacryolith suggested its derivation from breakdown products of adrenaline. Ultrasound examination of the nasolacrimal drain- her right conjunctival sac. In between these acute age system has been shown to be of value when the episodes the epiphora and a slight swelling at the copyright. system is dilated in cases such as a mucocoele or acute medial canthus persisted but were less troublesome. dacryocystitis. It is of limited value in functional Her right nasolacrimal duct had been irrigated during disorders, where the passage of fluid through the one of these acute episodes, which had caused some nasolacrimal system is slowed, producing a minimally resolution of her symptoms. dilated system.' No reports so far have illustrated the On examination a firm mass was palpable over the ability of ultrasound to demonstrate a mass in the right lacrimal fossa extending slightly above the nasolacrimal duct. -
Pediatric Orbital Tumors and Lacrimal Drainage System
Pediatric Orbital Tumors and Lacrimal Drainage System Peter MacIntosh, MD University of Illinois • No financial disclosures Dermoid Cyst • Congenital • Keratinized epidermis • Dermal appendage • Trapped during embryogenesis • 6% of lesions • 40-50% of orbital pediatric orbital lesion • Usually discovered in the first year of life • Painless/firm/subQ mass • Rarely presents as an acute inflammatory lesion (Rupture?) • Frontozygomatic (70%) • Maxillofrontal (20%) suture Imaging - CT • Erosion/remodeling of bone • Adjacent bony changes: “smooth fossa” (85%) • Dumbell dermoid: extraorbital and intraorbital components through bony defect Imaging - MRI • Encapsulated • Enhancement of wall but not lumen Treatment Options • Observation • Risk of anesthesia • Surgical Removal • Changes to bone • Rupture of cyst can lead to acute inflammation • Irrigation • Abx • Steroids Dermoid INFANTILE/Capillary Hemangioma • Common BENIGN orbital lesion of children • F>M • Prematurity • Appears in 1st or 2nd week of life • Soft, bluish mass deep to the eyelid • Superonasal orbit • Rapidly expands over 6-12 months • Increases with valsalva (crying) • Clinical findings • Proptosis Astigmatism • Strabismus Amblyopia INFANTILE/Capillary Hemangioma • May enlarge for 1-2 years then regress • 70-80% resolve before age 7 • HIGH flow on doppler • Kasabach-Merritt Syndrome • Multiple large visceral capillary hemangiomas • Sequestration of platelets into tumor • Consumptive thrombocytopenia • Supportive therapy and treat underlying tumor • Complications • DIC • death •Homogenous