Previous reading: Body

Digestive System

(Organs, Location and Function)

Science, Class-7th, Rishi Valley School

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Slide #s 1) Overview of ...... 3-4 2) Organs of human digestive system...... 5-7 3) , and ...... 10-14 4) Movement of ...... 15-17 5) The ...... 19-21 6) The ...... 22-23 7) The ...... 24-25 8) The Gut Flora ...... 27 9) Summary of Digestive System...... 28 10) Common Digestive Disorders ...... 31-34 How to go about this module

1) Have your note book with you. You will be required to guess or answer many questions. Explain your guess with reasoning. You are required to show the work when you return to RV.

2) Move sequentially from 1st slide to last slide. Do it at your pace.

3) Many slides would ask you to sketch the figures. – Draw them neatly in a fresh, unruled page. – Put the title of the page as the slide title. – Read the entire slide and try to understand. – Copy the green shade portions in the note book.

4) Answer the questions (Q1,Q2 etc.) in the note book as you go over the slides.

5) Write the test (in a separate slide set).

6) Many new vocabularies needs to be memorized after you have understood them. This is a part of the course. They are summarized at regular intervals. Overview of Digestive System

Your body cells can’t use the pizza you had for lunch in pizza form. As your body cells are much much smaller compared to the size of pizza, it needs to be broken down to small enough size to be absorbed by the blood stream and be useful to your body cells. As the pizza travels along the digestive tract, each along the way does it’s work to break it down gradually. The main functions of the digestive system are to ingest (take in) food, break down, and absorb the from our food. It also eliminates the wastes (anything not absorbed by the body) as faeces.

Q1: Sketch figure-1 using pencil in a fresh page with title” Overview of digestive system”. Copy the following passage (shaded) below that.

The digestive system is made up of digestive tract and other organs that help the body breakdown and absorb food. from the food are used to build and nourish cells and provide energy to function. The organs that make up digestive tract are Oral cavity, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, and . The arrangement of these organs are shown in the figure.

As food moves along the digestive tract, two different processes starts simultaneously to help . Food is physically broken down into smaller pieces by teeth in mouth in a process called mechanical digestion. As the food is chewed, it gets mixed up with which contains digestive that help breakdown some simple in food. The saliva also moistens and softens the food to be swallowed easily for the next stages of digestion.

Figure-1 Overview of Digestive System

This mixing with various digestive enzymes happens through out the digestive tract and helps in breaking down the food chemically into simpler and simpler compounds that can be absorbed by the body. This process is called chemical digestion.

When swallowed, the food moves into Esophagus which connects the mouth with the stomach. is a activity that prevents food from entering airways and into the . The stomach stores the swallowed food and liquid. Stomach muscles expands and contracts helping to mix a different type of digestive juices with the food. Digestive juice in the stomach is highly acidic with PH nearly 2. This potent kills many and microbes which may be present in the food and thus protects the body from . Stomach slowly empties its content into the small intestine. Most of digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine. are broken down into amino . are broken down into simple sugars. are broken down into fatty acids and which the body can absorb.

Two accessory digestive organs and , produce digestive juices that reach the small intestine through small tubes called ducts. The gall bladder stores produced by liver until it is needed. Bile mixes up and dissolves in the food. The fat is then digested by enzymes released from pancreas and lining of small intestine. Food then passes on to large intestine which is sometimes called as Colon. Here and various minerals needed by the body are absorbed. Colon also stores the remaining undigested food until it leaves the body through the rectum and anus. Organs of Digestive System

The main organs of the digestive system are arranged in the following order:

1) Mouth 2)Pharynx 3)Esophagus 4)Stomach 5)Small intestine 6)Large Intestine 7) Rectum 8)Anus

They form what is called as digestive tract. It is also called by other names such as (GI tract) or Alimentary canal. All of these words mean the same.

The accessory organs are connected to the digestive tract and secrete additional digestive juices. Many accessory organs play roles beyond just digestive system.

1) The salivary glands produce saliva containing , an that breaks down carbohydrates. They are located

2)The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine. It also neutralizes food coming out of stomach by secreting alkali compounds. Pancreas also works for another system called .

3)The liver produces bile, which aids in fat digestion and absorption. It also has other roles beyond digestive system. It filters the blood coming from the digestive tract before it is released to rest of the body.

4)The gall bladder stores and concentrates bile in between meals and releases when required into the small intestine. Organs of Digestive System

Q2: Figure-2 shows the human digestive system. Draw nicely this figure in a clean page. You may use colours if you wish to.

Figure-2 Accessory Organs of Digestive System

Gall bladder

Pancreas

Figure-4: In this figure, you can see the location of Gall bladder and Pancreas is shown but liver is not shown. Figure-3: Notice the location of 3 major salivary glands and how they are connected to the mouth cavity through ducts. Q3: Can you look at the previous figure and locate the position of liver in this figure-4? List of new vocabularies

# Word Meaning 1 Mechanical Digestion Breaking down of food by physical force 2 Chemical Digestion Breaking down of food by chemical changes 3 Reflex Activity Activity that is automatic like beating 4 Esophagus Digestive tract from mouth to stomach 5 Small Intestine Digestive tract from end of stomach to Colon 6 Large Intestine, Colon Digestive tract from end of small intestine to rectum 7 Pharynx 8 Rectum Digestive tract at the end of colon 9 Anus Part of digestive tract from which stool comes out 10 GI Tract, Alimentary Canal Entire digestive tract from mouth to anus Main Organs of Digestive System Mouth, Pharynx and Esophagus

The first step in the digestive process happens before we even food. Just by smelling or seeing that pizza, your hormonal system (called Endocrine system) makes you salivate, your muscular and skeletal system rushing to grab the pizza--- and the digestive system preparing itself by secreting enzymes and in stomach in anticipation of of the first bite. This is a great example of how different systems of the body work together cohesively to successfully do a work. ( Next time you encounter your favourite food, watch out for this happening in you!!)

As the teeth tear and chop the food, saliva moistens it for easy swallowing. After sometime, the food is finely chopped and mixed with saliva and is swallowed. This package of swallowed food is called . As you observe, your can make different movements helping to move the chopped food around the mouth. The wonderful thing to notice is that even though the teeth can easily tear apart a piece of chilly chicken, the tongue does not come in-between two teeth (Well it does sometimes if the food is too tasty to hurry you up!!) . It is interesting that the body has this kind of perfection and coordination in controlling its organs. A in saliva, called amylase, starts to break down some of the carbohydrates in the food even before it is swallowed. Activity-1

Take a bite of Roti or Chapati or Bread. Usually, they don’t taste sweet the moment you put in mouth. Just keep it in your mouth for 3 ~ 4 minutes and don’t chew. Let saliva soften it. Do you start getting the sweet taste taste of it? If yes, then it proves the point that the piece of bread contains which sweet.

Q4: It also proves another point. Write your guess and justify in one-two sentences. (Hint: What is digesting it?) Mouth, Pharynx and Esophagus

Swallowing, done by muscle movements in the tongue and mouth. The pushes the food into the throat, or pharynx. The pharynx is a passageway for both food and air. What if the bolus goes into the airway? Closely observe the following figure.

A soft flap of tissue, called the , closes over (pushes down) the wind pipe when we swallow. This is to prevent the bolus entering lungs and . From the throat, food travels down to stomach in a muscular tube in the chest called the Esophagus. Teeth and Their Role

The at the front of the mouth have a sharp biting surface and are used for cutting or shearing food into small chewable pieces. There are eight incisors on both the . The root word is “INCISION”, Look up in dictionary. The canines are situated at the 'corners' of the dental arches. They are a sharp and pointed. Their function is to grip and tear food. There are four canine on both the jaws. Canine in English means dog. These canines resemble that of dogs, but little smaller. The , unlike the incisors and canines, have a flat biting surface. Their function is to crush the food. There are eight premolars. The molars are the largest of the teeth. They have a large flat biting surface. The function of the molars is to chew, crush and grind food. There are eight molars.

Figure-5 “Molaris”, in French, means grinding. Look at the surface of and . Looks like they are designed to grind food. Activity-2 Wash your hand for this activity. After reading the above, touch and feel various types of teeth in your own jaws and relate to their functions. Be careful, don’t bite your finger!! Figure-6:

Organs of oral cavity

Figure-7: Location of various types of tooth in the : Figure-8 Organs of oral cavity

Figure-9: Cross section of a tooth.

Q5: Draw nicely this figure of tooth in a clean page. What forces the food down the GI tract?

Let us try to guess the answer for this simple question before proceeding further. Lets say you are your favourite food. You put it in the mouth, chew it and swallow. You may think it is natural for it to go to stomach. But wait,

Figure-10: Bolus moving down the GI tract

Q6: What forces the bolus down the Esophagus. or food pipe ? Write the question and your best guess before you proceed further.. What forces the food down the GI tract? Guess-1: Gravity? If it is gravity, how does the food move at all in the alimentary canal when we are flat, sleeping in the night? Guess-2: Mucous in the throat dripping down GI tract? If it is mucous, it is only reducing the friction to move. But something else still needs to push the food to move. Right? Food pipe Contraction Bolus

Step-1 Think over and Can you find the

right answer from adjacent figure? Step-2

These contractions move towards the right side over time. This pushes the bolus towards the right. Step-3

The muscles around the part of the food pipe squeezes in a sequence (like a wave) in a Figure-11: Peristaltic movement particular direction (to right in this case). This kind of movement is present in all the parts of the food pipe. Each part has got a unique sequence of movement like this depending on what that part is supposed to do. This kind of coordinated and involuntary movement which is used to move food in the alimentary canal is called . It is just like how you squeeze toothpaste from the bottom of an almost empty tube. Watch this (needs a internet connection)

Link: Peristalsis List of new vocabularies

# Word Meaning 1 Mechanical Digestion Breaking down of food by physical force 2 Chemical Digestion Breaking down of food by chemical changes 3 Reflex Activity Activity that is automatic like heart beating 4 Esophagus Digestive tract from mouth to stomach 5 Small Intestine Digestive tract from end of stomach to Colon 6 Large Intestine, Colon Digestive tract from end of small intestine to rectum 7 Pharynx Throat 8 Rectum Digestive tract at the end of colon 9 Anus Part of digestive tract from which stool comes out 10 GI Tract, Alimentary Canal Entire digestive tract from mouth to anus 11 Bolus The package of finely chopped food mixed with saliva

12 Amylase Digestive enzyme in saliva to breakdown

13 Epiglottis A flap in the throat that prevents food from entering the lungs

14 Incisors, Canines, 4 types of tooth Premolar and Molar 15 Peristalsis Rhythmic muscular contraction in digestive tract to move food. Stomach

The stomach is a muscular organ located on the left side of the upper . The stomach receives food from the Esophagus. As food reaches the end of the Esophagus, it enters the stomach through a muscular valve called the lower Esophageal or LES in short, shown in the next page.

The stomach secretes acids (mainly hydrochloric acid) and enzymes that mixes very well with the bolus of food. Stomach muscles contract and relax periodically to churn the food to help proper mixing. The food mixed with saliva in mouth , churned in the stomach with acids and enzymes forms a pulpy, acidic, uniform liquid like porridge. Its The stomach part is shown in next page in called the . detail.

Figure-12: Esophagus and Stomach Inside Stomach

Figure-12 shows inside wall of the stomach. Observe following things. 1. The Esophagus, which connects the mouth to stomach, has a narrow path to the stomach just before joining the stomach. This is LES or Lower Esophageal sphincter. This valve, controlled by muscles, widens to allow food passage. Towards the Mouth

2. End of stomach has another such valve called Pyloric sphincter(PS). Here this sphincter releases chyme in the stomach into small intestine in a controlled manner. Rugae 3. The inner layer of the stomach is full of wrinkles known as Rugae. They allow the stomach to stretch in order to hold large meals and help to mix food during digestion. To give you a feel how those wrinkles feel, you may touch and feel the wrinkles in your upper palette. Rugae are softer than that.

Figure-12: Esophagus and Stomach Q7: Draw this picture nicely in a fresh unruled page. Title it as “ Cross section of the stomach”. Copy the test below the figure. Q8: Seems like stomach has a large space inside it . Propose your own hypothesis as to what could be the reasons for such a structure of stomach? (Hint: When do you need a large space?) Watch this (needs a internet connection)

Link: How A To The Stomach Changed Medical History

Optional Question: Think about various aspects of this story critically. » Was the action of Dr. Belmont justified medically and ethically at all the times? During initial period, during recovery and during contract period? Do you think he was unethical at times?

» Write a short paragraph about the above. The Small Intestine

Part of GI tract between stomach and the large intestine is known as the Small intestine. It is narrow, long and appears like a folded tube (See figure-13). This. It is called so due to its width or diameter which is about an inch. It is about 22 feet long!!

Beginning of large intestine Last part of Stomach In small intestine, the digestive enzymes gets mixed with chyme and helps to break down proteins, fats and some carbohydrates. Most of the digestion happens in this part of GI tract. The digestive juice from pancreas and bile from liver, together, neutralizes the acidic chyme coming from stomach. So it is much less acidic than that of stomach.

Villi ( Small hair like structures on inner surface) Figure-13: Small Intestine

Inside surface of small intestine has small hair like structures, called villi, as shown in figure-2. They connect to blood flow. Blue and Red lines show blood flow (zoomed villi area) Nutrients are absorbed through these villi into the blood. It is similar to the roots in a plant to absorb nutrient from . Figure-14: Villi inside the small intestine The Small Intestine

Q9: Draw the figure of small intestine as shown in the previous page (Figure-13). Draw it nicely in a fresh unruled page. Title it as “The small Intestine”. Just below the figure, copy the text (in blue only in the last page).

Q10: The small intestine is thin and quite long tube. Also, seems like the chyme has to face lots friction while moving.

Propose your own hypothesis as to what could be the reasons for such a structure of small intestine? (Hint: First part of last slide). The Large Intestine

The large intestine, otherwise known as colon, stretches from the end of small intestine to your anus. It is called “Large” not because of its length, but due to its width. Your colon is about 3 inches( One finger length!) wide at its widest point and just about an inch wide at its narrowest point. Unlike small intestine which looks like a pipe, colon looks segmented. It is the last part of the digestive system and it completes the process of digestion. It cares for you since it absorbs the most essential thing of life, The water. It also absorbs and minerals from the chyme passed from the small intestine. The left over undigested food (The stool) is expelled out through Rectum and Transverse Anus during . Colon

Descending Colon

Ascending Colon

Last part of Small intestine

Appendix Rectum Anus

Figure-15: The Large intestine and its parts The Large Intestine

Q11: Draw the figure of the large intestine as shown in the previous page (Figure-15). Draw it nicely in a fresh unruled page. Title it as “The Large Intestine”. Just below the figure, copy the text (in blue only in the last page and this page). No need to draw the picture of the person.

Usually, the digested food matter stays for a while (12 to 48 hours) in the colon for water and nutrient to get absorbed. When a person experiences diarrhoea, they are passing stool that has not been in the colon long enough. So the stool is watery. The opposite occurs when a person experiences . In that case, the stool has been in the colon too long and thus becomes dried out, hard, and difficult to pass (emmhhh).

Our colon explains the deep secret that our life is deeply interconnected with other life forms. Colon is host to countless numbers of microorganisms (bacteria) known as gut flora. Gut flora helps us in many ways such as helping us to digest properly. Building a good system and bringing about a healthy mind. Go on to next slide to lean about them. List of new vocabularies # Word Meaning # Word Meaning 16 Chyme 1 Mechanical Digestion Breaking down of food by physical force Semi liquid food mixed with digestive juice inside stomach 17 LES 2 Chemical Digestion Breaking down of food by chemical changes Valve at the beginning of stomach or end of esophagus 3 Reflex Activity Activity that is automatic like heart beating 18 Pyloric sphincter Valve at the end of stomach Rugae Folds inside the stomach 4 Esophagus Digestive tract from mouth to stomach 19 20 Villi Hair like small structures inside small intestine 5 Small Intestine Digestive tract from end of stomach to Colon

6 Large Intestine, Colon Digestive tract from end of small intestine to rectum 7 Pharynx Throat

8 Rectum Digestive tract at the end of colon

9 Anus Part of digestive tract from which stool comes out 10 GI Tract, Alimentary Entire digestive tract from mouth to anus Canal 11 Bolus The package of finely chopped food mixed with saliva 12 Amylase Digestive enzyme in saliva to breakdown carbohydrate 13 Epiglottis A flap in the throat that prevents food from entering the lungs 14 Incisors, Canines, 4 types of tooth Premolar and Molar 15 Peristalsis Rhythmic muscular contraction in digestive tract to move food. Interconnectedness of living

The seems to be one single from its appearance, but in fact, there are many microbes living on and within us. These microbial communities greatly influence working of our own organs. Friendly microbes, or , lend their hand in the process of digestion, immunity and even upkeep of mental health. In return, they use nutrients and protection from our body to survive. There are also unfriendly microbes, called , which creates imbalance and illness in our body.. Our GI tract, which starts from the mouth and ends in the anus, is the living place of at least 500 different types of bacteria, each type having their own colony in some location of GI tract. They are collectively known as or simply Gut Flora. This mutual dependency between us and the microbes is a demonstration of deep interconnectedness of living organisms.

In 1880, Dr. Theodor Escherich discovered the presence , a of bacteria, found in curd, of bacteria in our gut. It was named after him as colonizes our large intestine. It helps breakdown Escherica coli or E.coli. From then on researchers sugars in dairy products we eat. It benefits by found many bacteria living in our body. deriving nutrients from our gut. So it is a friendly bacteria to .

Deficiency of a substance, called , in blood can Helicobacter pylori or H-pylori causes ulcers and cause anxiety and depression. Some of the microbial some times in gut. It is type of bacteria which species help in stimulating the intestine to release is unfriendly to human beings. Lactobacillus serotonin. population in our gut does not allow h-pylori to grow in our body.

Life is One. Life doesn’t die; It falls apart when digested. The organic matter is broken down, recycled into basics, and then rearranged by "life" as it evolves. So as each individual falls apart, it gets recycled back into the system. It supports itself, regenerates itself, transfer pieces of itself around to other parts of itself. Summary of Digestive System

Watch this nice animation from TED on

Digestive system

Like to do an activity? Watch this...

Digestive System Activity List of new vocabularies # Word Meaning # Word Meaning 16 Chyme 1 Mechanical Breaking down of food by physical force Semi liquid food mixed with digestive juice Digestion inside stomach 17 LES 2 Chemical Digestion Breaking down of food by chemical Valve at the beginning of stomach or end changes of esophagus 3 Reflex Activity Activity that is automatic like heart beating 18 Pyloric sphincter Valve at the end of stomach 19 Rugae Folds inside the stomach 4 Esophagus Digestive tract from mouth to stomach 20 Villi Hair like small structures inside small 5 Small Intestine Digestive tract from end of stomach to intestine Colon 21 Microbes Microscopic organisms 6 Large Intestine, Digestive tract from end of small intestine Colon to rectum 22 Gut flora Friendly microscopic organism that live in 7 Pharynx Throat out gut 8 Rectum Digestive tract at the end of colon 23 Pathogens Microscopic organism that makes us sick

9 Anus Part of digestive tract from which stool 24 Microbiota Same as Microbes comes out 10 GI Tract, Alimentary Entire digestive tract from mouth to anus Canal 11 Bolus The package of finely chopped food mixed with saliva 12 Amylase Digestive enzyme in saliva to breakdown carbohydrate 13 Epiglottis A flap in the throat that prevents food from entering the lungs 14 Incisors, Canines, 4 types of tooth Premolar and Molar 15 Peristalsis Rhythmic muscular contraction in digestive tract to move food. Common issues of digestive system Various dental problems

Your mouth collects all sorts of bacteria, , and fungi. Some of them are friendly making up the normal flora of your mouth. But a diet high in creates conditions in which acid producing bacteria can easily grow. This acid dissolves , a protective layer of the tooth, and causes holes in the tooth. This is a most common kind of problems called dental cavity.

Figure-17: The Large intestine and its parts

Bacteria near your gum line thrive in a sticky substance called plaque. Plaque accumulates, hardens, and migrates down the length of your tooth if it isn’t removed regularly by brushing and flossing. This can inflame your and cause the condition known as . Acid Reflux

A ring of muscle called the lower Esophageal sphincter (LES) normally keeps the top of your stomach closed. It opens only when you're swallowing some food and allows it to go into stomach. Now guess what might happen if the LES misbehaves. Say it is open when your stomach is full and you are not eating any food.

This allows your stomach contents (highly acidic) to flow back up the Esophagus. The stomach is designed to withstand such high levels of acidic content but not the Esophagus tube or mouth. So this condition irritates the upper part of the Esophagus such as throat, lungs and chest with symptoms of , , sore throat etc.

This illness is called Acid Reflux.

Q11: Can you come up with a possible solution from Figure-18: Acid Reflux issue your understanding of the problem of reflux?

It is interesting to note that Galactose (milk sugar) and Glucose (normal sugar) have the same chemical formula which is C6H12O6. However, there are some people who can digest glucose but not Galactose. Such people experience and too much gas whenever they eat diary products., This issue is called lactose intolerance. Lactose stand for milk. But wait. Is isn't that strange? Following question can be asked. What is so specific about our digestion process that glucose gets digested by some digestive juice but galactose does not even though they have the same molecular formula.

Q11: Can you count the number of atoms in each molecule of Galactose and Glucose. Verify that their chemical formula are the same. Q12: Propose your hypothesis for the above question in red. Diarrhoea

One of the most common disease of GI tract is diarrhoea . Normally, small intestine secretes lot of mucous, which contains water, for ease of digestion. Most of these water gets absorbed again in the large intestine. That is normal functioning of intestines. However, in some conditions, this absorption in large intestine is lesser compared to water secreted in small intestine. This makes the stool loose and results in loose causing loss of water and from body. This condition is known as diarrhoea. There can be many causes to it like improper digestion, lactose intolerance, response of body to harmful bacteria.

Electrolytes are compounds that carry an electric charge such as , potassium, , , , . They’re found in your blood, urine and sweat and are vital to specific processes that keep your body functioning as it should. For example, good level of electrolyte allows muscles to function properly, carry messages from brain to various organs and maintain appropriate PH level for each organ. These need water to be dissolved and help these functions. The most common cause of death from diarrhoea is the caused by dehydration, loss of water and electrolyte from body. One must drink a lot of water, juice and electrolytes to compensate the loss during a diarrhoea episode. It becomes very complicated and can lead to death if there is onset of dehydration.

Q13: Draw a cartoon strip showing – What leads to diarrhoea? – How will you help someone with diarrhoea? Watch this (needs a internet connection)

Link: How sugar affects the brain Quiz

Instructions:

1. Copy the questions. Give one line gap between question and answer. 2. Try to write the answers from your understanding. 2. Whenever you need to draw pictures, draw them nicely and with care. 4. Bring the note book when you return. (***Very important***) Q1: Write the name of each coloured organ

(a) Green :______

(b) Red :______

(c) Pink :______

(d) Brown :______

(e) Purple :______

(f) Green :______

(g) Yellow :______

Just answer by seeing this picture. No need to draw it. Q2: Fill in the blanks

(a)______begins the process of breaking down food and makes it moist so it's easier to swallow. (b)______protects us from choking by covering the windpipe so food goes down the Esophagus. (c)______type of tooth helps cut and chop the food into small pieces. (d)______type of tooth helps grind the small pieces of food. (e)______in the tooth canal gives us sensation of hot and cold. (f) Saliva mixed with crushed food in the mouth forms ______which does down in the Esophegal tube. (g)Sequence of muscle contractions and relaxation which takes food from mouth into the stomach is called ______. (h) Folds in the inner wall of stomach are called ______. (i) Pyloric sphincter is located at ______end of stomach. (Top or Bottom) (j) Lower Esophageal sphincter is located at ______end of stomach. (Top or Bottom) (k) Most of the food is digested in ______part of GI tract. (l) Villi are found in ______part of GI tract. (m) Water and minerals are absorbed in ______part of GI tract. (n) The length of small intestine is approximately ______feet. (o) Lactobacillus is a ______and found in ______area of GI tract. (p) The liver produces ______that help body absorb fats. Q3: Match the Columns

# Term Meaning 1 , mixing, churning, and segmentation of food

2 Mechanical Digestion Passage of digested materials from the of the GI tract into the blood or

3 Chemical digestion Taking food into the digestive system

4 Absorption Elimination of indigestible solids

5 Enzymatic degradation of foodstuffs into simpler molecules Q4: Lunch's Long and Winding Road

Draw such a picture in your note book. Use this flow chart to explain how food, being an item in the plate, gets converted to energy and nutrient in your body. Write a sentence or two about what happens at each location in the spaces provided. Q5: Write down all the differences that you can spot. Q6: Write down all the differences that you can spot in the people of different origin

American African Indian