Name ______
Cell Structure & Movement
Review 1. List the main characteristics of living things. 1. Made of cells. 2. Require energy (food). 3. Reproduce (species).
4. Maintain homeostasis. 5. Organized. 6. Respond to environment. 7. Grow and develop. 8. Exchange materials with surroundings (water, wastes, gases).
2. Write the levels of organization (living & nonliving) in order beginning with the
atom. Non-Living: Atom, molecule, organelle Living: Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
History & the Cell Theory
3. Robert __ ___ Hooke______was first to view and draw ______cork______cells from plants in ______(leave blank) ______. 4. W ere these cells living? What was their shape? No, shaped like the small rooms that monks lived in (cells).
1 5. Who coined the term "cells"? Robert Hooke
6. ______Anton van Leeuwenhoek______was the first to view living cells in ___Pond______water ______. 7. Describe his microscope. Simple, hand-held, much like the one created by Robert Hooke.
8. 7. State the 3 parts of the cell theory. a. All living things are made of cells.
b. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism.
c. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells.
9. ______Bacteria______, ____ Animal______, and ______Plant ______are three basic types of cells.
10. What is the difference between unicellular and multicellular organisms? Unicellular: Composed of one cell Multicellular: Composed of many cells that may organize into tissues, etc. 11. Arrange the following in order from smallest to largest --- virus, ant, atom, protein, animal cell, chloroplast, human, and human egg cell. atom, protein, virus, chloroplast, animal cell, human egg, ant, human 12. Cells range from ______5 to ______50 ___ micrometers in size.
13. Which is largest, a plant cell, an animal cell, or a bacterial cell? Animal cell
14. Which is smallest, a plant cell, an animal cell, or a bacterial cell? Bacteria
15. Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize. What does this mean? Cells in multicellular organisms often specialize (take on different shapes & functions). They become specialized by turning different genes on and off.
2 16. Give several examples of specialized animal cells. Nerve, cardiac, muscle
17. How do cells specialize in multicellular organisms? What is another name for this process? They become specialized by turning different genes on and off; cell differentiation. Organization Levels of life 18. List the 3 nonliving levels of life in order from simplest to most complex. Atom, molecule, organelle
19. At what level does life begin? Cell 20. What are tissues? Groups of cells 21. What are organs? Groups of tissues 22. What makes up an organ system? Different organs working together. 23. Organ systems working together make up a n ___ Organism______.
Simple or Complex Cells 24. What is a prokaryotic cell and give an example? Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Includes bacteria.
25. Describe the hereditary material of a bacterial cell. DNA located in the nucleoid region.
26. DNA is located in the ______Nucleoid______region of a prokaryote, while the cell______Membrane______and cell ______wall______surround the outside of the cell.
27. What makes up the cell wall of bacteria? Peptidoglycan
28. What organelle without a membrane is found in bacteria & what is its function? Ribosomes in the cytoplasm to make proteins.
29. What are eukaryotes and give 4 examples? Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals.
3 30. Which is more complex --- prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Eukaryotes
31. Name the 3 basic parts of all eukaryotic cells. Nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm with organelles.
Organelles 32. What are organelles and where are they found? Very small (Microscopic). Perform various functions for a cell. Found in the cytoplasm. 33. Do all organelles have a membrane? May or may not be membrane-bound. 34. What is another name for the cell membrane? Plasma membrane 35. The cell membranes made of a double layer of ______Phospholipids______and ______Proteins ______.
36. The cell membrane surrounds the outside of ______All ______cells. 37. What is the function of the cell membrane? Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
38. Is the cell membrane living or nonliving? Living 39. What makes up the head of a phospholipid? Glycerol and phosphate
40. What makes up the tails of a phospholipid? Fatty acids
41. Phospholipids make up a ______Bilayer______with the _____ tails ______p ointing ______Inward______toward each other.
42. Phospholipid heads attract water and are said to be ______, Hydrophilic while tails repel water and are said to be ______Hydrophobic______.
43. Can phospholipids move? Explain. Move laterally to allow small molecules to enter
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44. Name 4 small molecules that can move easily through the phospholipid bilayer. Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, water, glucose
45. What is the function(s) of membrane proteins? Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition.
46. Where is the cell membrane in plants found? Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells.
47. Is the cell wall a living or nonliving layer? Non-living
48. Name 3 types of cells with cell walls around them. Plants, bacteria, fungi
49. What is cytoplasm? Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane.
50. What takes place inside the cytoplasm? Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place.
51. Organelles______are found inside the cytoplasm of a cell.
52. What type(s) of cells have cytoplasm? All types of cells.
53. What is the function of the nucleus? Controls the normal activities of the cell.
54. What surrounds the nucleus? Bounded by the nuclear envelope
55. What is the purpose of nuclear pores? To allow the RNA to move to the ribosome for protein synthesis
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56. Why is the nucleus so easy to see through a microscope? Largest organelle
57. Chromosomes contain ______DNA that control the characteristics of the cell. 58. Describe the nuclear envelope. Double membrane surrounding nucleus. Also called nuclear membrane. Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus. Connected to the rough ER. 59. In non - dividing cells, DNA is ______Spread out and appears as a mass called ______Chromatin ______.
60. In dividing cells, DNA ______Condensed______and wraps around ______proteins to form visible ______Chromosomes______.
61. ______DNA is the hereditary material of the cell. 62. Where is the nucleolus located? Inside the nucleus
63. What is the job of the nucleolus? Creates ribosomes that make proteins
64. Nucleolus______make proteins for the cell. 65. Give two functions of the cytoskeleton. Helps cell maintain cell shape. Also help move organelles around.
66. The cytoskeleton is made of ______Proteins______.
67. ______Microfilaments______are threadlike proteins in the cytoskeleton, while ______Microtubules______are tube-like proteins.
68. ______Centrioles ______are found only in animal cells.
69. Centrioles come in ______Pairs and are found near the ______nucleus ______.
70. Centrioles are made of a bundle of ______. Microtubules What is their function? Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell.
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71. The ___ Mitochondria______is the powerhouse of the cell and generates cellular __ Energy______or ___ ATP______.
72. Which cell(s) have mitochondria? Both animal and plant cells
73. What process takes place inside the mitochondria? What is being burned? Cellular respiration, burning glucose 74. Mitochondria are surrounded by a ______membrane Double and has its own ______DNA______.
75. The ______Matrix is the interior compartment of the mitochondria. 76. From where do you get YOUR mitochondria? Your mother
77. Name the energy produced when the mitochondria burn glucose. ATP 78. What does ER stand for? Endoplasmic reticulum
79. ER functions in the ______Synthesis of cell products & in ______transport of these products. 80. Name the 2 kinds of ER. Smooth and rough
81. Why is rough ER rough? Has ribosomes on its surface
82. Proteins are made in ______Ribosomes______on the rough ER surface and then Threaded______into the interior of the ER to be modified and transported.
83. Smooth______ER lacks ribosomes and is attached to the ends of the ______. Rough ER
84. Cell products made by smoot h ER are for use ______Inside ______the cell.
85. Give 3 functions of smooth ER. • Makes membrane lipids (steroids). • Regulates calcium (muscle cells). • Destroys toxic substances (Liver). 7
86. Ribosomes are made of ______Proteins and ______mRNA and function as ______Protein factories. 87. Ribosomes join ______Amino acids to make proteins though a process called __Protein______. synthesis 88. Where are free ribosomes found in a cell? Cytoplasm 89. ______Golgi bodies______look like stacks of flattened sacs and have shipping or ______Trans ______face and a receiving or ____ cis______face.
90. Proteins that end up being modified inside t he Golgi come from ______. ER
91. What is found inside lysosomes? Digestive enzymes
92. Lysosomes break down what? Food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts
93. ______Lyse ______is programmed cell death. Which organelle is programmed for this destruction? Lysosome
94. Digestion is the function of what organelle? Lysosome 95. Both cil ia and flagella function in _____ Movement______and are made of ______.Microtubules
96. ______Vacuoles______are fluid - filled sacs for __ storage______.
97. Do animal cells have vacuoles? Explain. Small or absent in animal cells, no need to store sap
98. Plants have a large ______Central______vacuole that takes up most of the room inside a plant cell.
99. What organisms contain contractile vacuoles and what is their function? • Found in unicellular protists like paramecium. • Regulate water intake by pumping out excess (homeostasis). • Keeps the cell from lysing (bursting).
8 100. What would happen to a paramecium if the contractile vacuole STOPPED working? It would lyse (burst)
101. What pigment is found inside chloroplasts? What is the function of chlorophyll? Chlorophyll, use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose).
102. Chloroplasts are found in what type of organisms? Plants 103. What serves as the ultimate energy for ALL life on earth? The sun 104. Where is the energy of sunlight stored inside of sugars? In the chemical bonds 105. How many membranes are around a chloroplast? 2 106. The outer membrane of the chloroplast is ______, Smooth while the inner membrane is modified into sacs called ______. thylakoids
107. Thylakoids are in stacks called ______granum that are ______interconnected to each other. What PIGMENT is inside the thylakoids? stroma
108. Where is the stoma? Describe it. gel like material surrounding thylakoids.
109. Chloroplasts contain their own ______DNA like the mitochondria so they can reproduce themselves.
110. Beside pigments, what else is found inside the chloroplasts that is needed for photosynthesis? Enzymes and pigments 111. Which cells NEVER have chloroplasts? Animal or bacterial cells 112. Name the food making process that takes place inside of chloroplast. Photosynthesis
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