Unit I Study Guide KEY
Unit II Study Guide KEY
1. Polarity = Unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond due to strong electronegativity (“buffness”) of one atom
2. cohesion, adhesion Allows water to move up from roots to leaves
3. Heat is absorbed, released when hydrogen bonds break, form; allows water to be relatively unaffected by temperature change
4. High heat of vaporization Cooling effect of perspiration
5. Hydrogen bonds in solid ice hold water molecules further apart; less dense as solid Protects aquatic life, insulates
6. Universal solvent Polar water molecules “pull apart” other polar, ionic substances
7. Coffee
8. Orange juice has 100X more H+ than coffee
9. 10 -3 3 acid
10. 10 -6 8 base
11. 10 -1 10 -13 acid
12. 10 -7 7 neutral
13. a. H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3 –
b. To the right; [H+ ] will increase to decrease pH
c. 7.4
14. Dehydration synthesis
15. Hydrolysis
16. Dehydration synthesis
17. Dehydration synthesis
18. Hydrolysis
19. Dehydration synthesis
a. Hydroxyl – polarity
b. Aldehyde – polarity
c. Ketone – polarity
d. Carboxyl – acts as an acid by donating H+
e. Amino – acts as a base by removing H+
a. Aldehyde – polarity; hydroxyl – polarity; phosphate – negative charge
b. Methyl – non-polar, hydrophobic
c. Hydroxyl – polarity; ketone – polarity; phosphate – negative charge
d. Aldehyde – polarity; hydroxyl - polarity
e. Sulfhydryl – ability to form disulfide bridges with other sulfhydryl groups; amino – acts as a base; carboxyl – acts as an acid
f. Methyl – non-polar, hydrophobic
a. Carb; mono
b. Carb; poly
c. Lipid; saturated fat
d. Nucleotide
e. Nucleic acid
f. Lipid; saturated fatty acid
b. lactose
c. glucose and galactose
d. hydrolysis
e. Induced fit refers to the slight “hug” that occurs when the substrate fits into the active site. This is important because it either stresses the bonds slight to allow for break down, or holds substrates closely together to facilitate bonding
f. Competitive inhibitor – takes up active site, physically blocking substrate; non-competitve inhibitor – changes shape of active site by binding with enzyme at another location
g. Regulation of enzyme activity in which protein’s function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule at another site; activator “turns on” enzyme; inhibitor “turns off” enzyme
a. Non-polar
b. Basic
c. Polar
d. Polar
e. Basic
25. Secondary
26. Quaternary
27. Primary
28. Secondary
29. Tertiary
30. Secondary
31. Structural = cellulose – cell walls of plant cells; chitin – cell walls of fungal cells; insect exoskeleton; peptidoglycan – cell walls of Eubacteria
32. Storage = glycogen – animals; starch – plants; Both polymers of glucose
a. Sucrose or lactose or maltose
b. Disaccharide
c. Sucrose or lactose or maltose
d. sucrose = glu + fru; lactose = glu + galac; maltose = glu + glu
e. dehydration synthesis
34. Not true polymers; all non-polar, hydrophobic; CHO but very Os
a. Fats & oils – energy storage, insulation & cushioning in animals
b. Phospholipids – primary component of all cell membranes
c. Steroids – cholesterol
· Hormones
· Found in animal cell membranes to maintain stability, fluidity
· Saturated fats contain all single bonds; fully saturated with hydrogens; solid at room temp due to closely-packed fatty acid tails; greater health risk
· Unsaturated fats contain at least one double bond; produces “kink” in fatty acid chains that maintain fluidity at room temp; typically plant source
a. phosphate group
b. deoxyribose
c. nucleotide
d. adenine – purine
e. guanine – purine
f. thymine – pyrimidine
g. cytosine – pyrimidine
· DNA is a double helix; RNA is a single helix.
· The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; ribose is found in RNA
· In RNA, uracil replaces thymine.