The Most Notable Characteristic of the Renaissance Painting, on the Other Hand, Is Its Realism
Renaissance and Reformation
Renaissance
1. The Renaissance was a cultural movement aimed at the attainment of information, communication amongst people, and a revitalization of classical education- The movement started in Italy and moved throughout Europe
2. Classical Education- Was based off the teaching of Ancient Greece and Rome. The Renaissance revolved around the studying the “Classics”- Along with a focus on art, philosophy, and the science of man
3. Petrarch said the Roman Empire was the height of civilization and everything since has been the Dark Ages.
4. Humanism- A philosophy that focuses on education and the study of classical literature in order to understand human nature rather than religion
5. Christian Humanism is the belief that human freedom and individualism are intrinsic (natural) parts of, or are at least compatible with, Christian doctrine and practice- Began by Church to reconcile with Humanist
6. Individualism- The idea of being yourself and not necessarily what the church wants
7. Neo-Platonism - sought to reconcile humanism with Christianity, to blend the teachings of Plato and other ancient philosophers with the teachings of the Church. Neo-Platonism flourished throughout Italy as the primary philosophy by which artists rationalized their more secular works- Began by Humanist to reconcile with Church
The Arts & Developments
8. The most notable characteristic of Renaissance painting is its realism- The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form.
9. Medici- A political dynasty, banking family and later royal house that first began to gather prominence in the Republic of Florence during the late 14th century-
10. Patron of the Arts- support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support provided to musicians, painters, and sculptors
11. Baroque-Art and architecture developed in Europe from the early 17th to mid-18th century, emphasizing dramatic, often strained effect and typified by bold, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts
12. Leonardo- Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect; the most versatile genius of the Italian Renaissance-Mona Lisa- Vitruvian Man-The Last Supper
13. Michaelangelo- Florentine sculptor, painter, architect, and poet; one of the outstanding figures of the Renaissance- Among his creations are the sculptures of David-Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel-The Last Judgment-Pieta
14. Raphael- Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance, celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings and drawings-The School of Athens-The Madonna of the Beautiful Garden- St. George and the Dragon
15. Pieter Brueghel painted lively scenes of village festivals and dances- Similar to Modern-Day Tourism
16. Erasmus- The First Humanist-Dutch Renaissance scholar and Roman Catholic theologian who sought to revive classical texts from antiquity, restore simple Christian faith based on Scripture, and eradicate the improprieties of the medieval Church.
17. Johannes Gutenberg became the first European to use movable type to print books.- Broadsides- Single printed sheets of paper- (Newsletters Newspaper)
Ramifications- Education, Lower-Class Learning, Wider Availability of Books.
18. The Prince-A book wrote by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513 about the imperfect conduct of humans and says how a ruler is able to keep power and manages to keep it disregarding enemies
19. William Shakespeare used real-life to create masterpieces of poetic drama.
20. Portuguese mapmakers developed maps for sea-travel.- Results- Communication, Slave Trade, Eventually results in exploration of Western Hemisphere
21. Sack of Rome- 1527- Following the defeat of the French Force. Clement VII could not pay mercenary soldiers and the Imperial Army. Pillage and Plunder ensued with an ending to the beautification of Rome and a renewed focus on Catholicism.—Ended Italian Renaissance
Scientific Revolution
22. Scientific Revolution- New method of investigating experimental research
23. Aristotelian System- The Aristotelian system was the broad term used to refer to the traditional view of the world expressed during the age of Aristotle by the ancients, and maintained and modified by the Church to fit with religious doctrine throughout the Middle Ages
24. Geocentric Theory- (Ptolemy)- The Earth is the Center of the Universe with Heavens Above
25. Heliocentric Theory- (Copernicus) - The Sun was the center of the universe.Galileo used the telescope to prove the Heliocentric Theory.
26. Doctrine of Uniformity- (Galileo) The doctrine of uniformity was an enormous step in the quest to integrate physics and astronomy--States that corresponding causes produce corresponding affects throughout the universe
27. Giordano Bruno-Italian monk- Argued that not only does the Earth move, but so does the sun, and that there is no such thing as a point absolutely at rest in the universe-- Claimed that it was folly to maintain that our planetary system was the center of the universe.
Reformation
28. Unam sanctam • 1302 in which Boniface VIII asserted the supremacy of the pope over all rulers in temporal as well as in spiritual affairs
29. Theocracy-A government ruled by clergy claiming God’s authority- Europe through Rome
30. The first division of the Roman Catholic Church occurred in Germany.- Reasons- Financial corruption, abuse of power, immorality
31. Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses- statements about indulgences and other Church atrocities.- Indulgences are pardons from punishment for sin.The Theses stimulated discussion among university intellectuals
Luther’s Beliefs Versus Catholic Church
1. Salvation is gained through faith alone
2. Bible is the only authority (not the priests)
3. All people are equal
32. By 1534 Luther translated the entire Bible into German- Vernacular- the native speech or language of a place.
33. Ways the Printing Press Helped with Reformation
1. Helped increase literacy
2. Spread Renaissance and Reformation ideas
3. Made it so that the Bible could be printed in English, French, and German
34. Since Martin Luther protested the Catholic Church, his group became known as “Protestants.”
35. Henry VIII and England split from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534 regarding specific belief in Divine Right of King. Divine Right- The doctrine that monarchs derive their right to rule directly from God and are accountable only to God.
36. Pragmatic Sanction-An edict or a decree issued by a sovereign that becomes part of the fundamental law of the land
37. Secularists- Oppose religion or the religious being afforded privileges- They support complete separation of church and state-
38. Calvinism- French Born reformer named John Calvin instituted the belief of predestination.
39. Predestination-The doctrine that God has preordained all things, especially the divine decree that all souls are either destined to salvation or damnation
40. TheCatholic revival became known as the Counter-Reformation. A reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that arose in 16th-century Europe in response to the Protestant Reformation
41. Council of Trent - 1545-1563. It marked a major turning point in the efforts of the Catholic Church to respond to the challenge of the Protestant Reformation and formed a key part of the Counter-Reformation. In the area of religious doctrine, the council refused any concessions to the Protestants and, in the process, crystallized and codified Catholic dogma far more than ever before
42. The Inquisition- The section of the Catholic Church devoted to the maintenance of Church doctrine by the discovery and punishment of heretics
43. Peace of Augsburg -- In 1555 the (assembly of princes) of the Holy Roman Empire met in Augsburg to make peace between the warring Roman Catholic and Lutheran princes of Germany. It adopted the formula whereby each prince was to determine the religious character of his territory. The exclusion of the Calvinists caused later problems
44. Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)- The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as the main reason for the fighting. Initially, the war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire-
45. The Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years War resulting in Protestants and Catholics being redefined as equal before the law, and Calvinism was given legal recognition
46. Test Act-Test acts were laws passed in post‐Reformation England, Scotland, and Ireland to limit office holding to those professing the established religion. Thus non‐Anglicans were formally excluded from public life
47. Puritans- A member of a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries advocated strict religious discipline along with simplification of the ceremonies and creeds of the Church of England.The Puritans main problem with the Anglican Church was they held ceremonies which were similar to the Catholics
48. The Toleration Act Granted right to public worship to Protestants
Results
The right and obligation of the individual conscience, and the right to follow the directives of that individual conscience
It is generally granted by modern historians that there never would have been modern science were it not for the Reformation. All scientific investigation and endeavor prior to that had been controlled by the church
The Reformation has profoundly affected the modern view of politics and law. Prior to the Reformation the Church governed politics; she controlled emperors and kings and governed the law of lands
Protestantism became a major grouping of Christianity and encompasses millions around the world