Supplemental Online Material s1
Supplemental Online Material
Appendix A
Table A1. Functional group definitions and aggregation from the PEIs ECOPATH model (Gurney 2013) including ECOTRAN detrital groups.
Functional Group / Common names Species name OR Phylum/Class/Order for Invertebrates / no. of spp. /1 / Open ocean large phytoplankton / >20μm in size, predominantly diatoms
2 / Open ocean small phytoplankton / <20μm in size, nano- and picophytoplankton
3 / Island-associated blooms / Diatoms, predominantly Chaetoceros radiacans, Rhizoselena curvata, Dictyocha speculum or Fragilariopsis
4 / Macrophytes / Predominantly the kelp Macrocystis laevis and Durvillea antarctica
5 / Small crustacean zooplankton / Arthropods (total 60): Calanoid copepods (48), Cyclopoid copepods (4), Harpacticoid copepods (2), Ostracods (6) / 66
6 / Large crustacean zooplankton / Arthropods: Euphausiids (14); Amphipods (18); Decapods (6) / 38
7 / Other zooplankton / Molluscs: Pteropods (8); Cephalopods (8); Annelids: Polychaeta (9); Ctenophores: Ctenophores (2); Cnidaria (total 11): Hydrozoa (10), Schyphozoa (1); Chaetognaths (2): Eukrohnia hamata, Sagitta spp.; Salps (3); Appendicularians (2): Oikopleura spp., Frittilaria spp. / 45
8 / Benthic decapod / Benthic decapod Nauticaris marionis / 1
9 / Benthos / Arthropods (total 125): Cirripedia (1), Amphipoda (68), Isopoda (32), Tanaidacea (12), Decapoda (4), Reptantia (8); Brachiopods: Brachiopoda (3); Molluscs (total 94): Solenogastres (1), Bivalvia (35), Gastropoda (53), Polyplacophora (3), Scaphopoda (1), Cephalopoda (1); Pycnogonids (total 17): Pycnogonida (17); Echinodermata (total 69): Asteroidea (33), Ophiuroidea (22); Echinoidea (2); Holothuroidea (10); Crinoidea (2); Annelids: Polychaeta (89); Coelenterata: Hydrozoa (11); Bryozoa (19) / 427
10 / Small Cephalopods / Cephalopods / >36
11 / Large Cephalopods / Cephalopods / >36
12 / Myctophid Fish / Lanternfish Diaphus sp.; Electron sub-Antarctic Electrona carlsbergi; Rough lanternfish Electrona subaspera; Lanternfish Gymnoscopelus bolini; Lanternfish Gymnoscopelus braueri; Lanternfish Gymnoscopelus fraseri; False-midas lanternfish Gymnoscopelus hintonoides; Nichol's lanternfish Gymnoscopelus nicholsi; Lanternfish Gymnoscopelus opisthopterus; Southern blacktip lanternfish Gymnoscopelus piabilis; Lanternfish Krefftichthys anderssoni; Diamondcheek lanternfish Lampanyctus intricarius; Lantern fish Nannobrachium achirus; Lanternfish Protomyctophum bolini; Lanternfish Protomyctophum choriodon; Norman's lanternfish Protomyctophum normani; Lanternfish Protomyctophum tenisoni / 17
13 / Small Pelagic Fish / Boulenger's snaggletooth Astronesthes boulengeri; Deep-sea smelt Bathylagus tenuis; Pearleyes Benthalbella macropinna; Snaggletooth Borostomias antarcticus; Sloane's viperfish Chauliodus sloani; Smallhead flyingfish Cheilopogon pinnatibarbatus altipennis; Black swallower Chiasmodon niger; Bristlemouth Cyclothone sp.; Rebains' portholefish Diplophos rebainsi; Snaketooth Dysalotus alcocki; Stoplight loosejaw Malacosteus niger; Magellanic Rockcod Paranotothenia magellanica; Silver lightfish Phosichthys argenteus; Tubeshoulder Platytroctidae gen. sp.; Crested bigscale Poromitra crassiceps; Boa dragonfish Stomias boa boa; Threelight dragonfish Trigonolampa miriceps; Slender lightfish Vinciguerria attenuata / 18
14 / Patagonian toothfish / Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides / 1
15 / Large Pelagic Fish / Short snouted lancetfish Alepisaurus brevirostris; Daggertooth Anotopterus pharaoh; Black dragonfish Idiacanthus atlanticus; Barracudinas Macroparalepis sp.; Southern barracudina Magnisudis prionosa; Barracudinas Notolepis sp.; Slender escolar Paradiplospinus gracilis; Southern driftfish Psedoicichthys australis; Smallscale waryfish Scopelosaurus hamiltoni; Barracudinas Stemonosudis sp. / 10
16 / Small Inshore Demersals / Triangular Rockcod Gobionotothen acuta; Lobe-lip notothen Gobionotothen marionensis; South Georgia spiny plunderfish Harpagifer georgianus / 3
17 / Small Continental Slope Demersal Fish / Messmate Echiodon cryomargarites; Austral cod Guttigadus kongi; Painted notie Lepidonotothen larseni; Snailfish Liparididae gen. sp.; Antarctic armless flounder Mancopsetta maculata maculate; Marbled moray cod Muraenolepis marmorata; Patagonian moray cod Muraenolepis orangiensis; Cod and Haddock Physiculus sp.; Southern flounder Pseudomancopsetta andriashevi; Antarctic horsefish Zanclorhynchus spinifer / 10
18 / Large Nototheniid Demersal Fish / Grey Rockcod Lepidonotothen squamifrons; Black Rockcod Notothenia coriiceps; Marbled Rockcod Notothenia rossii / 3
19 / Large Demersal Fish / Slickhead Alepocephalus sp.; Blue antimora Antimora rostrata; Southern seadevil Ceratias tentaculatus; Finless flounder Neoachiropsetta milfordi; Longnose tapirfish Polyacanthonotus challenger; Unicorn icefish Channichthys rhinoceratus; Grenadier or rattail Coryphaenoides sp.; Slender codling Halargyreus johnsonii; Abyssal halosaur Halosauropsis macrochir; Morid cod Lepidion sp.; Ridge scaled rattail Macrourus carinatus; Bigeye grenadier Macrourus holotrachys / 12
20 / Sharks and Rays / Southern lanternshark Etmopterus granulosu; Skate/ray Raja sp; Bigthorn skate Rajella barnardi; Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus; Skate Bathyraja sp (tuff); Porbeagle Lamna nasus / 6
21 / Prions and Petrels / Fairy Prion Pachyptila turtur; Salvin's Prion Pachyptila salvini; Blue Petrel Halobaena caerulea; Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera; Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma mollis; Kerguelen Petrel Lugensa brevirostris; Grey Petrel Procellaria cinerea; White-chinned Petrel Procellaria aequinoctialis; Grey-backed Storm Petrel Garrodia nereis; Black-bellied Storm Petrel Fregetta tropica; South Georgian Diving Petrel Pelecanoides georgicus; Common Diving Petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix; Antarctic tern Sterna paradisae; Kerguelen tern Sterna virgata / 14
22 / Giant Petrels / Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus; Northern Giant Petrel Macronectes halli / 2
23 / Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross / Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross Phoebetria fusca / 1
24 / Light-mantled Sooty Albatross / Light-mantled Sooty Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata / 1
25 / Yellow-nosed Albatross / Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche carteri / 1
26 / Grey-headed Albatross / Grey-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma / 1
27 / Wandering Albatross / Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans / 1
28 / Gentoo Penguin / Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua / 1
29 / Southern Rockhopper Penguin / Southern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome filholi / 1
30 / Macaroni Penguin / Macaroni Penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus / 1
31 / King Penguin / King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus / 1
32 / sub-Antarctic Fur Seal / sub-Antarctic Fur Seal Arctocephalus tropicalis / 1
33 / Antarctic Fur Seal / Antarctic Fur Seal Arctocephalus gazella / 1
34 / Southern Elephant Seal / Southern Elephant Seal Mirounga leonina / 1
35 / Orca / Orca Orcinus orca / 1
36 / Pelagic detritus * / n/a
37 / Benthic detritus * / n/a
38 / Macrophyte detritus * / n/a
* ECOTRAN uses two terminal detritus pools, pelagic and benthic. Macrophyte detritus (an original group of the ECOPATH model) was included as a separate detritus pool.
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Table A2. ECOPATH parameters from the balanced PEI model (Gurney 2013) (B = biomass, P = production, C = consumption, EE = ecotrophic efficiency, TL = trophic level, AE = assimilation efficiency) calculated including ECOTRAN detrital groups.
Functional group / B (t.km-2) / P/B (y-1) / C/B (y-1) / P/C / EE / TL / AE1 / Open ocean large phytoplankton / 1.700 / 150.00 / 0.028 / 1.00 / 0
2 / Open ocean small phytoplankton / 6.810 / 150.00 / 0.885 / 1.00 / 0
3 / Island associated blooms / 0.004 / 200.00 / 0.310 / 1.00 / 0
4 / Macrophytes / 0.195 / 5.22 / 0.704 / 1.00 / 0
5 / Small zooplankton crustaceans / 16.000 / 10.00 / 43.000 / 0.2326 / 0.696 / 2.33 / 0.80
6 / Large zooplankton crustaceans / 5.000 / 5.00 / 14.000 / 0.3571 / 0.433 / 2.73 / 0.80
7 / All other zooplankton / 7.000 / 24.00 / 96.000 / 0.2500 / 0.948 / 2.00 / 0.80
8 / Benthic decapod / 0.038 / 1.45 / 4.420 / 0.3281 / 0.690 / 2.21 / 0.80
9 / Benthos / 0.500 / 2.50 / 10.000 / 0.2500 / 0.708 / 2.27 / 0.80
10 / Small Cephalopods / 0.045 / 4.50 / 18.250 / 0.2466 / 0.779 / 3.27 / 0.80
11 / Large Cephalopods / 0.065 / 2.70 / 10.950 / 0.2466 / 0.532 / 4.05 / 0.80
12 / Myctophids / 3.375 / 0.50 / 6.100 / 0.0820 / 0.984 / 3.37 / 0.80
13 / Small pelagics / 1.125 / 0.90 / 10.500 / 0.0857 / 0.164 / 3.39 / 0.80
14 / Patagonian toothfish / 0.004 / 0.13 / 1.600 / 0.0813 / 0.986 / 4.63 / 0.80
15 / Large Pelagics / 0.042 / 0.22 / 2.560 / 0.0859 / 0.162 / 4.31 / 0.80
16 / Small Inshore Demersals / 0.007 / 0.32 / 6.000 / 0.0533 / 0.507 / 3.28 / 0.80
17 / Small Continental Slope Demersals / 0.012 / 0.50 / 7.330 / 0.0685 / 0.180 / 3.14 / 0.80
18 / Large Nototheniid Demersals / 0.010 / 0.21 / 3.400 / 0.0618 / 0.470 / 3.28 / 0.80
19 / Large Demersals / 0.029 / 0.19 / 1.980 / 0.0960 / 0.170 / 3.79 / 0.80
20 / Sharks and Rays / 4.E-04 / 0.14 / 3.700 / 0.0378 / 0.180 / 4.56 / 0.80
21 / Prions and Petrels / 0.001 / 0.16 / 191.700 / 0.0008 / 0.459 / 3.78 / 0.80
22 / Giant Petrels / 4.E-05 / 0.07 / 32.240 / 0.0022 / 0.025 / 5.18 / 0.80
23 / Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross / 3.E-05 / 0.03 / 68.110 / 0.0004 / 0.065 / 4.36 / 0.80
24 / Light-mantled Sooty Albatross / 7.E-06 / 0.03 / 59.820 / 0.0005 / 0.065 / 4.30 / 0.80
25 / Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross / 8.E-05 / 0.03 / 57.480 / 0.0005 / 0.065 / 4.39 / 0.80
26 / Grey-headed Albatross / 8.E-05 / 0.05 / 49.390 / 0.0010 / 0.035 / 4.36 / 0.80
27 / Wandering Albatross / 1.E-04 / 0.04 / 57.100 / 0.0007 / 0.044 / 4.52 / 0.80
28 / Gentoo Penguins / 4.E-05 / 0.20 / 62.500 / 0.0032 / 0.322 / 3.91 / 0.80
29 / Southern Rockhopper Penguins / 0.001 / 0.16 / 93.700 / 0.0017 / 0.497 / 3.59 / 0.80
30 / Macaroni Penguins / 0.004 / 0.19 / 76.750 / 0.0024 / 0.339 / 3.80 / 0.80
31 / King Penguins / 0.015 / 0.13 / 42.460 / 0.0029 / 0.476 / 4.41 / 0.76
32 / Sub-Antarctic Fur Seals / 0.009 / 0.10 / 14.970 / 0.0067 / 0.061 / 4.38 / 0.80
33 / Antarctic Fur Seals / 0.000 / 0.10 / 14.060 / 0.0071 / 0.068 / 4.40 / 0.80
34 / Southern Elephant Seals / 0.001 / 0.07 / 12.780 / 0.0058 / 0.077 / 4.67 / 0.80
35 / Orcas / 3.E-05 / 0.06 / 5.390 / 0.0111 / 0.000 / 4.98 / 0.80
36 / Pelagic detritus / 5.000 / 0.909 / 1.00
37 / Benthic detritus / 24.000 / 0.271 / 1.00
38 / Macrophyte detritus / 0.037 / 0.522 / 1.00
39 / PT fishery / 5.63
Table A3. ECOPATH diet matrix for the PEI model (Gurney 2013) including ECOTRAN detrital groups. The original ECOPATH detritus groups are split into pelagic and benthic components. Consumers are columns and food items/prey are rows.
Code / Food items/prey / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 / 17 / 18 / 19
1 / Open ocean large phytoplankton / - / 0.1000 / - / 0.0500 / 0.0500 / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
2 / Open ocean small phytoplankton / 0.6000 / 0.3000 / 0.7000 / 0.0500 / 0.0500 / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
3 / Island associated blooms / - / - / - / - / 0.0500 / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
4 / Macrophytes / - / - / - / - / 0.0200 / - / - / - / 0.0500 / - / - / 0.0300 / 0.1000 / 0.2800 / 0.1300
5 / Small zooplankton crustaceans / 0.1000 / 0.4000 / - / 0.0500 / 0.0800 / 0.6000 / 0.1000 / 0.3500 / 0.5170 / - / - / 0.3500 / 0.3000 / 0.0550 / 0.0700
6 / Large zooplankton crustaceans / - / - / - / - / 0.0500 / 0.1000 / 0.2400 / 0.3500 / 0.2420 / 0.0500 / 0.2000 / 0.1000 / 0.1000 / 0.0700 / 0.1500
7 / All other zooplankton / 0.2000 / 0.2000 / - / - / 0.0800 / 0.3000 / 0.0400 / 0.3000 / 0.0700 / - / - / - / 0.2500 / 0.1300 / 0.0400
8 / Benthic decapod / - / - / - / 0.0100 / 0.0010 / - / - / - / 0.0010 / - / - / 0.2700 / 0.0500 / - / -
9 / Benthos / - / - / - / 0.1000 / - / - / - / - / 0.0700 / - / - / 0.2500 / 0.2000 / 0.1400 / 0.1600
10 / Small Cephalopods / - / - / - / - / - / - / 0.1000 / - / - / 0.2000 / 0.0500 / - / - / - / -
11 / Large Cephalopods / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 0.4100 / 0.1000 / - / - / 0.0100 / 0.1900
12 / Myctophids / - / - / - / - / - / - / 0.4000 / - / 0.0500 / 0.2010 / 0.5000 / - / - / 0.2700 / 0.2200
13 / Small pelagics / - / - / - / - / - / - / 0.1200 / - / - / 0.0980 / 0.1500 / - / - / 0.0400 / 0.0400
14 / Patagonian toothfish / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
15 / Large Pelagics / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 0.0350 / - / - / - / - / -
16 / Small Inshore Demersals / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 0.0050 / -
17 / Small Continental Slope Demersals / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / 0.0060 / - / - / - / - / -
18 / Large Nototheniid Demersals / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
19 / Large Demersals / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
20 / Sharks and Rays / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
21 / Prions and Petrels / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
22 / Giant Petrels / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
23 / Dark-mantled Sooty Albatross / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
24 / Light-mantled Sooty Albatross / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
25 / Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
26 / Grey-headed Albatross / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
27 / Wandering Albatross / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -
28 / Gentoo Penguins / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / - / -