Mpas, If Managed Appropriately, Can Be Effective Tools in Protecting Cetaceans and Their
Okeanos Foundation and Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society
Submission in response to notification 2008-083 and 084
Marine Protected Areas and Undersea Noise
Why urgent attention needed (how it impacts on biodiversity)
Most marine life depends on sound for vital functions, such as reproduction, predator avoidance, prey detection, navigation, and communication. Underwater noise from sources such as shipping, seismic airgun surveys for petroleum, and naval sonars is growing at a rapid rate, with background noise levels doubling every decade over the last half century. Seismic airgun noise is pervasive and dominant, heard nearly constantly throughout the Atlantic, based on a decade of acoustic monitoring from hydrophones on the mid-Atlantic ridge. Thus, noise is a transboundary pollutant. Changing the acoustic ecology so dramatically across a whole ocean basin will undoubtedly affect biodiversity, especially given the dependence of marine life on sound. Cetaceans, pinnipeds, fish, and invertebrates all have shown effects from ocean noise, thus one can assume some level of ecosystem impact will occur or is already occurring. Ocean acidification also changes the transmission of sound, particularly lower frequency sound which dominates noise, such that noise will travel even greater distances. MPAs, if managed appropriately, can be effective tools in protecting marine life and habitats from the cumulative and synergistic impacts of noise sources, along with other anthropogenic stressors. There is an urgent need for new and existing MPAs to incorporate noise considerations into their planning and management, with adequate buffer zones to protect marine life from noise. The size of MPAs that would be required to protect cetaceans and other marine animals from the damaging effects of noise depend upon the frequency, volume and persistence of the noise sources. In some cases it may be possible to add a buffer zone perhaps on a seasonal basis; in other areas, greater thought needs to be given to the MPA from the start to design an area large enough that would mitigate against the damaging impacts from noise sources that may be tens or even hundreds of kilometers away (Agardy et al 2007).
How it affects attainment of the CBD objectives
The impacts of noise on marine life can threaten biodiversity, food security, sustainable use, and conservation. However, noise, as a far-ranging and trans-boundary pollutant, must be managed using at least some international conventions and agreements. Marine and Coastal Biodiversity is one of the ecosystem themes recognized by the CBD. The ocean is facing a myriad of threats including overfishing, acidification, climate change, etc. Ocean noise constitutes an added stressor on marine life, making it harder for marine populations to thrive. Noise can prevent animals from finding each other to reproduce, from finding prey, from avoiding hazards such as fishing gear, ships, and predators, from maintaining their group structure, and from navigating. Thus, anthropogenic threats can interact with noise such that marine animals are by-caught in nets, cetaceans suffer more ship strikes, and animals can no longer find the diminished prey numbers that are still left. MPAs are one mechanism to protect marine life from such interactions, provided they incorporate noise concerns into their management. Diversions of shipping lanes or ship speed limits could reduce noise in MPAs, for instance. Long-term monitoring for noise in MPAs using passive acoustic sensors can yield important information on the MPA environment. Passive acoustic monitoring can be a cost-effective means to detect trends in marine animal distribution and noise levels, to study the impacts of noise on marine animals, to correlate noise levels with population and ecosystem health, and to assist in enforcement and compliance in MPAs.
Thematic programmes / cross cutting issues that could contribute to resolving issue
There are a few CBD ecosystem themes and cross cutting issues that could partially address MPAs and undersea noise, but none is able to adequately focus on the use of MPAs in managing for ocean noise and its interaction with other anthropogenic threats.
Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Thematic Program
Cross-cutting Issues:
Ecosystem Approach
Impact Assessment
Protected Areas
Sustainable Use
Existing work addressing issue
Okeanos Foundation workshops
Credible sources of information
Agardy, T., Aguilar, N., Cañadas, A., Engel, M., Frantzis, A., Hatch, L., Hoyt, E., Kaschner, K., LaBrecque, E., Martin, V., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Pavan, G., Servidio, A., Smith, B., Wang, J., Weilgart, L., Wintle, B. and Wright, A. 2007. A Global Scientific Workshop on Spatio-Temporal Management of Noise. Report of the Scientific Workshop. 44pp.
http://www.okeanos-stiftung.org/okeanos/download.php?id=1
Thomsen, F. et al. 2009. Overview of the impacts of anthropogenic underwater sound in the marine environment. OSPAR Commission, Biodiversity Series. OSPAR publication number 441/2009.
http://www.ospar.org/documents/dbase/publications/p00441_Noise%20Background%20document.pdf
Thomsen, F. 2009. Assessment of the environmental impact of underwater noise. . OSPAR Commission, Biodiversity Series, OSPAR publication number 436/2009.
http://www.ospar.org/documents/dbase/publications/p00436_JAMP%20Assessment%20Noise_final.pdf