AP European History January 3-6-2017 (short week)

 I can do nothing for you if your semester grade ended with a 92/B, 84/C and, so on. This would require me to create grades or add points. I think this is bad policy and once I do it for one, then all would expect it. I feel that this is fair because you all have had many opportunities to gain credit (drop grades for a few of you, enrichment projects per the year long syllabus, leniency on make-up assignments, take home tests, and 5 points curved on the mid-term). Also, thanks to your friends at SCS you got a 5 point curve on the quarter and midterm exam. So as you can see, your 92/B was really lower.

 There will be a little jumping around the textbook to begin the semester. So, we are going to jump to Chapter 20 on the Industrial Revolution. This will be paired with your reading of the Communist Manifesto. You need to get a copy and start reading it this week!

 Then in a few weeks proceed into a cultural period known as Romanticism. Finally by the end of January we will return to politics with the wave of Liberal and/or Nationalist Revolutions in the mid 19th century.

MONDAY Enjoy your last day of freedom for a while (next stop MLK Day)

TUESDAY  Examine the causes and effects of the early Industrial Revolution(PP-1,3)(SP-5)  Discuss factors leading to British leadership in the Industrial Revolution(PP-1,3)(SP-5)

Materials Strategy/Format PPT Lecture-discussion

Introduction and Overview  For those of you who took AP US History you hopefully remember a discussion of the Industrial Revolution. Names like Carnegie and Rockefeller were discussed and you may recall that this was the late 19th-early 20th century. However, in European History we see a much bigger picture.  The Industrial Revolution in Europe didn't happen overnight but only spread over the continent very gradually. In fact, the Revolution as it was called was really a product of the 18th century (Often called the First Industrial Revolution). One of the triggers was the unusually high growth in the population which set in around the middle of the 18th century and produced a gigantic reservoir of workers. At the same time new, more efficient methods of production became necessary in order to supply the basic needs of so many people. In this situation Great Britain enjoyed THREE important advantages: an extremely productive and wealthy agricultural system, the Empire itself which provided not only raw materials but also customers, and an astonishing number of creative inventors. This was why the United Kingdom dictated the rhythm of progress to the rest of Europe from 1750 onwards for the next century or so.  To a large degree two previous and ongoing "revolutions" led to the Industrial Revolution: The Scientific Revolution with its emphasis on practical inventions and the Agricultural Revolution which produced more food and especially in England, changed the nature of the work force. Today we will focus on the first wave of the Revolution and the later cover the changes of the second wave of the Revolution. As you will see the first wave was still quite primitive. The Second Wave of industrialization through the mid 19th century was more vast in scale and there were many more products.

The First Industrial Revolution  The first stage of the revolution as we said started in Britain and it is no surprise that the industry that led the charge was related to textiles. England had long been a producer and consumer of woolen items (and later of course cotton will make its mark in the 19th century).  The first spinning frames were created on the British Isles. These were followed by mechanical weaving looms, and it was not long before textile factories were shooting out of the ground. At the same time a boom in the iron industry broke out. As soon as people discovered how to turn coal into coke iron manufacturers had excellent, almost unlimited reserves of fuel at their disposal with which to process iron ore. Once steam engines were introduced to heat the furnace ovens more quickly and effectively, the skylines in the coal regions were quickly covered in colliery towers and the chimney stacks of iron works.

The First Major Steps in the Process of Industry  Mechanical mass production gradually grew up on this economic basis. In 1756 the water-driven Spinning Jenny was able to turn a total of just 8 spindles. Below is a list of important inventors that you'll need to know:  John Kay invented an apparatus known as the flying shuttle that first weaved threads together in 1733. This would be the first step in mechanizing fabric production.  In 1769 Richard Arkwright water frame married the idea of water power to the process of spinning thread. Once this was added to spinning jenny the output would skyrocket.  In 1770Richard Hargreaves built what became known as the Spinning-Jenny. The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun from a corresponding set of rovings. By turning a single wheel, the operator could now spin eight threads at once. Needless to say this increased output and eventually lowered prices.

The Development of Steam Power  Hopefully you will recall that during the Scientific Revolution Charles Boyle first developed a set of thermodynamic principles explaining the behavior of gases (Boyles' Law). The idea that water vapor under pressure could produce power was revolutionary. The principle is fundamentally the same as how a gasoline engine works. It was soon realized that pressure release could move a piston attached to a series of rocker arms thus spinning a series of gears and flywheels. Here are the two important innovators:  Thomas Newcomen made his first working engine and installed it at a coalmine at Dudley Castle in Staffordshire in 1712. The engines were rugged and reliable and worked day and night, but were extremely inefficient. Newcomen engines were very expensive but were nevertheless very successful. The real problem was that they were huge and if something broke the part had to be handmade.  James Watt, whose name is now synonymous with a unit of measure, took Newcomen's design and simplified it. In 1767 Watt, working at the University of Glasgow was actually given a Newcomen engine owned by the school. His tinkering led to a series of improvements most importantly was a better boiler and pressure release valves. An important step was made when the textile industry started producing steam driven looms. As you might imagine this revolutionized the process. The textile industry process became so important to the economy that Britain would not allow mechanics to share the ideas. Though of course the idea did get out and soon Watt's engines were popping up in Belgium, France, and Bohemia.

A Revolution in Metallurgy  The next great leap was in the production and use of iron. By the late 18th century the use of wood as a building material was becoming less practical especially in England were whole forests were now gone. Iron had long been seen as a material but of course it too had drawbacks. The importance of iron manufacture was most important really because it was a step to the more important steel development of the Second Industrial Revolution.  In 1784 Henry Cort worked out a process of pudding, whereby molten pig iron was stirred in a furnace. As the iron was de-carbonized by air, it became thicker, and balls of "puddled" iron could be removed as a pasty mass from the more liquid impurities still in the furnace. Puddled iron, like wrought iron, was tougher and more malleable than pig iron and could be hammered and finished with the grooved rollers. He also devised a process whereby red-hot iron was drawn out of the furnace through grooved rollers which shaped the puddled iron into bars, whose dimensions were determined by the shape of the grooves on the rollers. The rollers also helped squeeze out impurities, and preliminary shaping into bars made the iron more readily utilizable for the final product.

Homework Read pp:648 - 657 and look over these notes for short bell work tomorrow

WEDNESDAY  Bell work on the First Industrial Revolution  Examine the nature of the Second Industrial Revolution 1870-1914 (PP-2,6,9,13)(SP-5)(IS-4,9)

Materials Strategy/Format ppt Lecture-Discussion

The Second Industrial Revolution: An Overview  Unlike the first wave of the Industrial Revolution, the later wave generally marked as 1870-1914 was much more expansive and almost impossible to summarize in a single day's lesson. As some of you might notice this event correlates to the coming of what terrible event? Our intent today is not really to go through inventors and inventions as much at the discuss the socio-economic impact. This is incredibly important because it led to the first labor movements, the coming of socialism and finally of communism.  As you could no doubt figure this the perfect avenue for all types of essay questions. CCOT, Comparison, and Periodization (cause-effect) are the most obvious. So, we will start this discussion as we did yesterday with why Britain.

Why Britain?  Building upon our discussion yesterday, Britain had some natural advantages and one of these was the availability of coal resources. The mass production of iron was made possible by the discovery of coke in 1709 - the second trigger for the Industrial Revolution. Almost inexhaustible amounts of the new fuel were available to the ironworks as soon as it became possible to purify coal of its polluting by-products by turning it into coke. Coal soon began to fuel the industrial process but also coal oil began to replace candles (and whale oil from blubber) as a source of lighting. By the end of the Revolution electricity will of course be the next major innovation. At this juncture you still need a water source but coal burning would soon provide the power to drive industry.  Transportation was also an integral reason why explaining British initial supremacy. Being an island would allow movement of materials from coastal regions however Britain early on saw the importance of investing in canal building to connect the factory and the marketplace. And needless to say as the empire grew the British merchant fleet would also play a leading role. As you may recall, the empire itself as a huge economic advantage initially because far flung colonies also provided markets for finished goods. (This will later be an imperative for imperialism). However, another key innovation would present itself: the railroad. as the sum total so to speak of steam, iron and coal, came the railways. The first section of line was opened in 1825 to link the Durham coalfields in north England with the sea. The huge advantages of goods transportation unleashed a railway mania which in turn stimulated iron manufacturing, which for its part gave a boost to coal mining. Again, the British government also played a role in this development as railroads were hugely expensive to operate. They will explode in development by the later decades of the 19th century.

The Social Impact of the Second Industrial Revolution  As with most historical periods we can find positives and negatives. The positives were led by failing prices across the board on most consumer items. Some have called it the "second price revolution." With a growing European population the demand for consumer goods also grew. The overall price of food clothing and shelter temporarily declined. This is critical because the problem will also be a decline in real wages by the mid-19th century.  Another marked social result was the explosive growth in cities. There is a process here. The First wave of industry was in the countryside and not urban. However, as cities are markets the means of production moved to urban areas and thus, so did workers. The expansion of major cities in England like Manchester and Liverpool reveal this growth. This also creates a negative for us: cities soon became chocked dirty places. London was already the largest European city and it was set to get bigger. You combine this with poor sanitation and a growing level of air pollution (from coal burning) you see something like modern day Beijing whose air quality is dangerous.  Class Structure: One the most critical changes taking place was a dramatic change in the working and middle classes. This was a process that Marxist historians call Proletarianization.  The lower class urban worker of course was always near what we nowadays call the poverty line. With an influx of workers from the countryside you have a low wage industrial class. Unlike the days past when governments regulated prices, free market ideas changed this. Now you have what we nowadays call the working poor: those who barely earn a living wage.  You also see a vast change in the middle class. The former middle class would be defined as artisans and merchants who were not dependent on nobles. They commanded their own wages and were often respected members of communities. The craftsmen managed practices and prices through guilds and young men were taught the craft through an apprentice process (journeyman to master craftsmen). In this process there was also a social system of support as apprenticeship also required the master to support the journeyman. But here was the problem: the old system was destroyed by mechanization. Now the craftsman was replaced with machines and while this dropped prices, it also subsumed wages. The more factories that were built the greater the completion for profits. And back then as it is today, the first victim was the worker.  Additionally to the big losers of the former artisan class you also had big winners: the growth of a new class that Marxist called the Bourgeoisie class. By the later decades of the century you'd see middle class people with vast wealth and resources. In Britain the line between the nobles and "nouveau riche" blurred significantly. This also had political implications as the upper middle class demanded political power.  This cycle led in part to the degradation of the working class and increased child labor. Women did move more into the work force but in the lowest possible levels. In Western and Central Europe the plight of the working class will foster intense debate about the role of government. The terms "deserving and undeserving" poor and who should receive aid. Also importantly this is the origins of a movement in England called Chartism (more on this later)

Homework Complete the following for homework using your textbook due tomorrow Living in the Past pp: 658 - 659 Q1 and 2(The Steam Age) Mapping the Past page 664 Map 20.2

One of the terrible social results of mass industrialization was the first problem with man-made pollution. The streets of London were particularly bad as coal burning and waste was a prevalent issue. Similarly today China is experiencing a similar issue. Also read the following link and be prepared for bell work tomorrow. http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/01/13/air-pollution-beijing-china/1829935/

THURSDAY (Bell work from article)  Bell work from article reading  Examine the socio-cultural impact of industrialization (PP-1,3)(SP-5,10)(IS-3)  Examine the development of early labor union movements (PP-1,3)(SP-5,10)(IS-3)

Materials Strategy/Format PPT and Textbook Lecture-discussion Close text reading

The Plight of Labor in Britain

 As we have seen Britain was the center of Industrial production in the first decades of the 18th century and as well as the 19th century. It also was the first to experience the negative sides of this production. Workers were thrust into a dependency that had terrible social impact. Proletarianization had turned the working class into mere parts of the machines. It is for this reason that communism also became an interest. Both Marx and Engels lived in England (though Marx would later relocate).  However, we also saw that because of Britain’s more responsive liberal traditions, there were at least some early reforms. Many of these came under the Prime Ministry of Sir William Peel  The Reform Bill of 1832: British parliamentary act that expanded the electorate. It transferred voting privileges from the small rural boroughs controlled by the nobility and gentry to the heavily populated but underrepresented industrial towns. Conceived by Prime Minister Earl Grey passed in the House of Commons three times but was opposed by the House of Lords until Grey's threat to create 50 new liberal peers (enough to carry the bill) finally brought their agreement. This would have meant little except that the King of England Edward IV supported the move. The act redistributed seats in the Commons and lowered the electoral qualifications to allow voting by small property owners (much of the middle class)Many people were disappointed with the 1832 Reform Bill. Voting in the boroughs was restricted to men who occupied homes with an annual value of £10. There were also property qualifications for people living in rural areas. As a result, only one in seven adult males had the vote. Nor were the constituencies of equal size. Whereas 35 constituencies had less than 300 electors (known as "rotten burroughs"), Liverpool had a constituency of over 11,000.  The Factory Act of 1833: was an attempt to establish a normal working day in a single department of industry, textile manufacture. The way in which it proposed to do this was the following: The working day was to start at 5.30 a.m. and cease at 8.30 p.m. A young person (aged thirteen to eighteen) might not be employed beyond any period of twelve hours, less one and a half for meals; and a child (aged nine to thirteen) beyond any period of nine hours. From 8.30 p.m. to 5.30 a.m.; that is during the night; the employment of such persons was altogether prohibited.  The Mine Acts of 1824 attacked child labor. No female was to be employed underground No boy under 10 years old was to be employed underground. Apprentices between the ages of 10 and 18 could continue to work in the mines. There were no clauses relating to hours of work, and inspection could only take place on the basis of checking the 'condition of the workers'. Ironically, many women were annoyed that they could no longer earn the much needed money  The Combination Acts1799-1800 were repealed and now legalized labor unions were allowed (though not desired). As we will see later in the 19th century, it was hoped because of the willingness to reform, the Conservative Tory led by Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli would be the beneficiary of the process at the ballot box. However, there was still a demand for a more responsive reform.  While an improvement, it did not go far enough. As Britain began to face stiffer competition first in textiles (with America) and steel production (with Germany) treatment of workers grew much worse. Not surprisingly workers became very restive as urban peasant and former artisans made common cause. The result was a period of political activism known as “Chartism” or the “Chartist Movement. (The largest workers movement of the early 19th century)

The Chartist Movement

 As Britain began to face stiffer competition first in textiles (with America) and steel production (with Germany) treatment of workers grew much worse. Not surprisingly workers became very restive as urban peasant and former artisans made common cause. The result was a period of political activism known as “Chartism” or the “Chartist Movement. (The largest workers movement of the early 19th century)

1. William Lovett led the movement in the 1830s 2. The London Workingmen’s Association, a forerunner of a labor union. 3. The Six Points (1838) **Analyze each of the points a. Universal male suffrage b. Annual elections in Commons c. Secret Ballot d. Redistricting of election districts (roughly equal) e. No property qualification to serve in Commons f. And regular payment of salaries to Commons

4. The results: The Movement as a national entity failed largely because one faction wanted to radicalize after Parliament blocked attempts to vote on the Chart. 5. The irony is that while it failed in 1830s Britain it would actually inspire workers movements across Europe (France and Germany especially). 6. As a point of synthesis you could also look at the fact that within about 30-40 years the labor movement in the US was also inspired by the Chartists. The Knights of Labor were in fact patterned on some aspects of Chartism

Homework None Textbook tomorrow in class!

FRIDAY (textbook required)  Analyze primary sources on the socio=-economic impact of industrialization during the early 19th century (PP-1,3)(SP-5,10)(IS-3)

Materials Strategy/format Guided questions/textbook Close text reading Instructions and Introduction  One of our most important discussions of the second semester is the rise of socialism and communism. This is really much more than a political discussion. The challenge posed by these ideologies versus conservative and liberal values has continued to mark our modern world. You will come to know much more about these ideologies than the average American. Additionally, there are ongoing points of synthesis with later history (both U.S. and European).  As we said earlier in the week, any real understanding of socialism and communism must be predicated upon a working knowledge of industrialization in the early 19th century. This is particularly true when we look at the plight of the working class during the period. Mass industrialization was changing economic structures though a "price revolution" that lowered the cost of most consumer goods. However, because the new factory owning class was in fierce competition for profits wages also fell. As a result a very visible gap grew between the working labor class (the Proletariat) and the owning middle class. This is who Marx referred to as the being the "bourgeoisie." For Marx he made a further distinction within the middle class for those who might not own the factory (means of production) but became the managers and marketers. These folks Marx called "petit bourgeoisie."  The economic nature of industrialization will also have a political impact in many countries as certain political groups will form supporting one did of the industrial classes or the other. For Britain, the new rising bourgeoisie classes asserted their growing power in the House of Commons and through the Whig party. They called for expanded power for the middle classes and we sometimes resisted by the conservatives in the old Tories. By the mid 19th century this group came to be known simply as the Liberal Party and by the early 20th century they became the current Labour Party. In some places by the end of the century a new force started to grow in some parts of Europe where actual Socialist Parties formed in the late 19th-early 20th century to be followed eventually by Communist Parties (not to mention Anarchists and Fascists but more on them later)  Today using the textbook as a guide we will delve deeper into some of the causes and effects of wave of mass industrialization. In your textbook this will cover details of the following sections of Chapter 20 pp: 660-677

Industry and Population

National and International Variations

Industrialization on the Continent

Agents of Industrialization

Government support

Industrialization Beyond Europe

The Impact on Children, Families and Gender Divisions

Debates over Industrialization

Weekend Homework  Get a copy of the Communist Manifesto (The version does not matter). You will be completing a book review on this by the first week of February  Study Notes and Re-read Chapter 20 in your textbook for a major quiz on Monday January 9!