W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2005 "Far out past": Hemingway, manhood, and modernism Timothy L. Barnard College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the American Literature Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Barnard, Timothy L., ""Far out past": Hemingway, manhood, and modernism" (2005). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623462. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-yn8y-4f87 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. ® UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. Furtherowner. reproduction Further reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. “FAR OUT PAST” HEMINGWAY, MANHOOD, AND MODERNISM A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Timothy L. Barnard 2005 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy /) - / (J Timothy L. Barnard Approved by the Committee, March 2005 Richard S. Lowry, (Zhai: :huf L. Knight III .. c: Christopher J. MacGowan ^ynn M. Weiss \ cPV\\C a Rita Felski, University of Virginia ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. For Magali and Jules In Memory of Mamie Geraldine McNicholas Barnard Maijorie Eleanor Hummel Bridge and Lance Newton iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.....................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................. ix ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................xii INTRODUCTION. PUTTING “REAL” MANHOOD ON PAPER: ERNEST HEMINGWAY, PAPER DOLL NO. 5......................................................................3 Hemingway’s Masculinization of Writing................................................................14 Hemingway’s Queer Authorial Manhood .................................................................24 CHAPTER I. HEMINGWAY’S TIMES AND THE ‘REAL THING’ IN BETWEEN...35 Six True Sentences ......................................................................................................42 Living “In Paris, (an American)”: Hemingway’s Moveable Hors D’oeuvre 46 The Charm of Both Extremes....................................................................................51 Multiperspectivalism and Artistic Unity...................................................................63 Writing “As... a cinematograph film”...................................................................... 79 Returning to America: The Writer and the Wounded Soldier ................................99 The Battler and the Big Two-Hearted Writer: Hemingway Blacks Up............... 118 CHAPTER II. REMEMBERING LOST MANHOOD: THE SUN ALSO RISES......... 137 A Crafty “Con” of a Narrator...................................................................................143 Two-Timing Truncations and Syncopated Self-Assertion ....................................157 Bullfighting: Boys to Men....................................................................................... 175 The Superiority of “Jews and Bull-Fighters”..........................................................184 “It’s Funny...It’s Very Funny”............................................................................... 201 CHAPTER III. BULLFIGHTING AND WRITING “WITH A TENDENCY TO SMILE”..............................................................................................................216 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. “A Very Big Book”.................................................................................................. 226 “Not Enough of a Book” ..........................................................................................238 Seriously Funny Subjects.........................................................................................262 “Not only with his pen but with his pencil” ........................................................... 291 CHAPTER IV. OFF THE BEATEN GAME TRAIL, IN SEARCH OF GREENER HILLS: THE (NOT SO) GREAT WHITE HUNTER/WRITER IN AFRICA................................................................................................................... 307 “The legends that he started”: TR and Hemingway ..............................................312 Throwing Iodine in Imperial Eyes: Mungo Park and Hemingway’s Denatured Naturalism ..................................................................................318 Colonel Roosevelt, “B’wana M’kumba” ................................................................331 From “B’wana M’kumba” to “B’wana Fisi”: Hemingway’s “Hyenic” Text 347 Trophy Jokes: Pictures of a Modem Author.......................................................... 359 “Is Man Improving?”............................................................................................... 375 “seeing the white man as the black man sees him”: Hemingway and Negritude ............................................................................................... 379 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 390 CODA. INTENT ON HOW HE WILL LOOK: THE STRANGE MAN IN THE CROWD.....................................................................................................................392 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................. 408 VITA...................................................................................................................................... 419 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I lost much of my hair and saw years of my life pass by while working on this dissertation, but what I gained in the process far outweighs any sense of loss. The length of these acknowledgements speaks to the richness of those gains. An expansive group of professionals, advisors, colleagues, friends, and family members made the production of this dissertation possible, and I would like to acknowledge and thank them here. This dissertation was funded in part through assistantships, a dissertation fellowship, and a summer research grant from the American Studies Program at the College of William and Mary. I also received an Ernest Hemingway Research Grant from the John F. Kennedy Library. I want to thank Steven Plotkin and James Roth not only for their help in navigating the Hemingway archive but also for their willingness to talk with me about my project and share their expertise on Hemingway and as archivists. I also want to thank James Hill in the JFK library’s audio visual archive for his interest in my project and for sharing with me his time and expert knowledge on photographs of Hemingway. I am also grateful to Suzanne Del Gizzo who transformed my summer research trip into “Hemingway Camp” where I was able to talk about my work and learn from a gifted fellow traveler. Scott Donaldson encouraged me to pursue this project beyond the master’s thesis he advised, and I am indebted to him for everything he taught me about Hemingway, modem American literature, and writing. Esther Lanigan also helped to shape this project from its outset, and I am indebted to her unique insights as an independent- minded feminist scholar and warm, generous teacher who I know is missed by many. Leisa Meyer and Kirsten Gruesz both contributed to this dissertation in its early stages, and I’m grateful for their time, support, and for helping me understand the constructions and transgressions of numerous borders. Bob Gross, Allan Wallach, Bob Scholnick, and Gray Gundaker all responded to presentations of my work, and I am grateful for their insights and encouragement. It is impossible for me to imagine a more supportive and talented cohort of graduate students than the one I was lucky enough to be part of while working on this dissertation. Many of my ideas were formulated, challenged, and enriched as a result of my fellow students’ encouragement, skepticism, incisive interpretations, and suggestions. Steve Feelie, Brian Geiger, Kelly Gray, Wendy Gonaver, Amy Howard, Rob Nelson, Roxane Pickens, Gretchen Schoel, James Spady, Erica Westcot, and Sharon Zuber all read parts of the dissertation and gave me invaluable feedback