Háskóli Íslands Hugvísindasvið Medieval Icelandic Studies Kay Okay? A comparative analysis of two key characters in Middle Welsh and Old Norse heroic, chivalric and historiographic literature Ritgerð til MA-prófs í Medieval Icelandic Studies Roderick McDonald Kt.: 060261-4159 Leiðbeinandi: Sif Rikharðsdóttir May 2016 Abstract This thesis is concerned with characters and episodes in the medieval Arthurian tradition that appear in both Middle Welsh and Old Norse narratives, with a particular focus on the roles and characterisation of Cai and Bedwyr in the Welsh, and Kæi and Boðver/Bedondr in Old Norse. Their divergent characterisations are analysed as indicators of the different cultural, social and political issues influencing their characterisation. Only discrete examples of these characters taken from a small selection of texts are being examined closely. A number of noteworthy consistencies and variations are identified. In particular, the thesis identifies a typology of characterisations: the hero, the administrator and the prankster. By comparing the two figures in their different linguistic and cultural contexts this analysis reveals the extent to which such Arthurian narratives can be considered as malleable and reflecting the social and political circumstances in which they are produced. Þessi ritgerð fjallar um persónur og atburði sem koma fyrir í Arthúr sögninni á miðöldum og birtingarmynd þeirra bæði í velskum og norrænum frásögnum. Sérstök áhersla verður lögð á hlutverk og einkenni frásagnarpersónanna, Cai og Bedwyr ,eins og þeir birtast í velsku textunum, og Kæi og Boðver/Bedondr, eins og þeir birtast í fornnorrænu textunum. Mismunandi perónueinkenni þeirra eru greind og túlkuð sem birtingarmynd ýmissa menningarlegra, félagslegra, og pólitískra áhrifa. Ritgerðin mun eingöngu skoða nokkur dæmi úr sagnaarfinum sem þó bera öll vitni um áberandi frávik og margbreytileika í útfærslunum. Í ritgerðinni verða persónueinkennin flokkuð í nokkrar formgerðir: hetjan, ráðgjafi (ON ræðismaðr ) og spéfugl. Með því að bera saman persónurnar tvær í þessum mismunandi málvísindalega og menningarlega samhengi mun ritgerðin sýna fram á hversu sveigjanlegur bókmenntaarfurinn tengdur Arthúr konungi er og að hvaða leyti hann endurspeglar þær félagslegu- og samfélagslegu aðstæður sem skópu hann. ii Chapter 1 Introduction ................................................................................. 1 Purpose .................................................................................................................... 1 Scope ........................................................................................................................ 3 Matière de Bretagne in Norse narrative ................................................................... 4 Social Context ......................................................................................................... 7 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 9 Chapter 2 The Welsh Sources ..................................................................... 13 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 13 The Heroic Tradition ........................................................................................... 15 Pa gur ........................................................................................................................ 17 Culhwch ac Olwen ...................................................................................................... 20 Other Heroic Material ............................................................................................... 24 Chivalric Narratives .............................................................................................. 25 Owain ........................................................................................................................ 26 Peredur ...................................................................................................................... 27 Welsh Historiography - Brut y Brenhinedd .......................................................... 29 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................ 33 Chapter 3 The Old Norse/Icelandic Sources ............................................. 37 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 37 Riddarasögur .......................................................................................................... 38 Saga af Tristram og Ísodd ........................................................................................... 38 Ívens saga .................................................................................................................. 42 Möttuls saga .............................................................................................................. 44 Historiography ...................................................................................................... 46 Breta sögur ................................................................................................................ 46 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................ 49 Chapter 4 Synthesis ..................................................................................... 51 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 51 Heroes .................................................................................................................... 52 Administrators ...................................................................................................... 54 The Prankster ........................................................................................................ 61 Social Conditions .................................................................................................. 64 Appendix 1 — Other Welsh Material ............................................................ 69 Trioedd Ynys Prydain ................................................................................................ 69 Ymddiddan Melwas a Gwenhwyfar ............................................................................. 71 Englynion y Beddau .................................................................................................... 74 Breuddwyd Rhonabwy ................................................................................................ 75 Appendix 2 – Other Norse Material ............................................................. 76 Metrical Narratives ............................................................................................... 76 iii Skikkjurímur .............................................................................................................. 76 Hærra Ivan ................................................................................................................ 77 Erex saga ................................................................................................................... 79 Bibliography ................................................................................................... 81 iv Chapter 1 Introduction Purpose This thesis is concerned with a small set of shared characters and episodes in the medieval Arthurian tradition that appear across a range of narratives and in two different vernacular languages, Old Norse and Middle Welsh. The material being examined is both disconnected and yet related. The two traditions and their various narrative and poetic expressions are linguistically, culturally, geographically and temporally discontinuous, with no unambiguous immediate lines of transmission connecting the Welsh material with the Norse, through which related or similar attributes might be readily and pragmatically explained. However, this thesis does not attempt to analyse lines of transmission, or possible genetic relationships. Rather, I will be comparing texts within the social, political and cultural contexts of their production; for even though the material has been produced from different milieux, the traditions share important narrative contents and concerns. Moreover, even considering just one of the two traditions, occasions arise where the narrative treatment of a given character or set of behaviours diverges considerably within that one set of texts. For the purposes of this study, these inconsistencies are examined as potential sites for exploring the nature of these narratives in the contexts of their production and reception. The specific focus of this thesis is on the roles and characterisation of two prominent characters across various versions of the Arthurian story world: Cai and Bedwyr, as they appear in the Welsh texts, and Kæi and Boðver (plus one instance of Bedondr) as they appear in Old Norse. Through this analysis I intend to expose differences in the social and cultural conditions influencing the way these characters 1 vary from one tradition to another, and from one language, to another. These characters are only being considered in discrete occurrences excised from their wider narrative arcs, and the coverage of the analysis will be comparatively narrow, with only a small selection of texts being examined closely. A comprehensive study is beyond the scope of