CROHNS-00649; No of Pages 33 Journal of Crohn's and Colitis (2012) xx, xxx–xxx Available online at www.sciencedirect.com SPECIAL ARTICLE Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis: Special situations Gert Van Assche⁎,1,2, Axel Dignass⁎⁎,2, Bernd Bokemeyer1, Silvio Danese1, Paolo Gionchetti1, Gabriele Moser1, Laurent Beaugerie1, Fernando Gomollón1, Winfried Häuser1, Klaus Herrlinger1, Bas Oldenburg1, Julian Panes1, Francisco Portela1, Gerhard Rogler1, Jürgen Stein1, Herbert Tilg1, Simon Travis1, James O. Lindsay1 Received 30 August 2012; accepted 3 September 2012 KEYWORDS Ulcerative colitis; Anaemia; Pouchitis; Colorectal cancer surveillance; Psychosomatic; Extraintestinal manifestations Contents 8. Pouchitis ............................................................ 0 8.1. General ......................................................... 0 8.1.1. Symptoms ................................................... 0 ⁎ Correspondence to: G. Van Assche, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, University of Toronto and University of Leuven, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5. ⁎⁎ Correspondence to: A. Dignass, Department of Medicine 1, Agaplesion Markus Hospital, Wilhelm-Epstein-Str. 4, D-60431 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (G. Van Assche), [email protected] (A. Dignass). 1 On behalf of ECCO. 2 G.V.A. and A.D. acted as convenors of the consensus and contributed equally to this paper. 1873-9946/$ - see front matter © 2012 European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2012.09.005 Please cite this article as: Van Assche G, et al, Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis: Special situations, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2012.09.005 2 G. Van Assche et al. 8.1.2. Endoscopy (“pouchoscopy”) .......................................... 0 8.1.3. Histopathology of pouchitis .......................................... 0 8.1.4. Differential diagnosis .............................................. 0 8.1.5. Risk factors for pouchitis and pouch dysfunction . ............................ 0 8.2. Pattern of pouchitis ................................................... 0 8.2.1. Acute and chronic pouchitis .......................................... 0 8.2.2. Scoring of pouchitis ............................................... 0 8.2.3. Recurrent pouchitis and complications .................................... 0 8.3. Medical treatment .................................................... 0 8.3.1. Acute pouchitis: antibiotics .......................................... 0 8.3.2. Chronic pouchitis: combination antibiotic therapy or budesonide ..................... 0 8.3.3. Acute and chronic refractory pouchitis: other agents ............................ 0 8.3.4. Maintenance of remission: probiotics ..................................... 0 8.3.5. Prevention of pouchitis: probiotics ...................................... 0 8.4. Cuffitis .......................................................... 0 9. Surveillance for colorectal cancer in UC ........................................... 0 9.1. Risk of colorectal cancer in UC ............................................. 0 9.2. Surveillance issues .................................................... 0 9.2.1. Screening and surveillance ........................................... 0 9.2.2. Effectiveness .................................................. 0 9.2.3. Initial screening colonoscopy and surveillance schedules .......................... 0 9.3. Colonoscopic procedures ................................................ 0 9.4. Chemoprevention .................................................... 0 9.4.1. 5-ASA and CRC ................................................. 0 9.4.2. Patient selection for chemoprevention with 5-ASA . ............................ 0 9.4.3. Immunosuppressants .............................................. 0 9.4.4. Other drugs ................................................... 0 9.5. Management of dysplasia ................................................ 0 9.5.1. Microscopic patterns of dysplasia ....................................... 0 9.5.2. Macroscopic patterns of dysplasia ....................................... 0 9.5.3. Management of raised dysplasia ........................................ 0 9.5.4. Management of flat dysplasia ......................................... 0 10. Psychosomatics ......................................................... 0 10.1. Introduction ....................................................... 0 10.2. Influence of psychological factors on disease ..................................... 0 10.2.1. Etiology ..................................................... 0 10.2.2. Course of disease ................................................ 0 10.3. Psychological disturbances in ulcerative colitis .................................... 0 10.4. Approach to psychological disorders .......................................... 0 10.4.1. Communication with patients ......................................... 0 10.4.2. Psychological support ............................................. 0 10.4.3. Therapeutic intervention ........................................... 0 10.4.4. Therapeutic choice ............................................... 0 11. Extraintestinal manifestations of ulcerative colitis ..................................... 0 11.1. Introduction ....................................................... 0 11.2. Arthropathy ........................................................ 0 11.2.1. Peripheral arthropathy ............................................. 0 11.2.2. Axial arthropathy ................................................ 0 11.2.3. Treatment of arthropathy related to ulcerative colitis ........................... 0 11.3. Metabolic bone disease ................................................. 0 11.4. Cutaneous manifestations ................................................ 0 11.4.1. Erythema nodosum (EN) ............................................ 0 11.4.2. Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) ......................................... 0 11.4.3. Sweet's syndrome ................................................ 0 11.4.4. Anti-TNF-induced skin inflammation ..................................... 0 11.5. Ocular manifestations .................................................. 0 11.6. Hepatobiliary disease .................................................. 0 11.7. Venous thromboembolism ................................................ 0 11.8. Cardiopulmonary disease ................................................ 0 11.9. Anaemia ......................................................... 0 11.9.1. Introduction ................................................... 0 11.9.2. Diagnosis of iron deficiency .......................................... 0 Please cite this article as: Van Assche G, et al, Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis: Special situations, Journal of Crohn's and Colitis (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crohns.2012.09.005 Second European evidence-based consensus on ulcerative colitis' diagnosis and management 3 11.9.3. Treatment of anaemia and iron deficiency ................................. 0 Acknowledgements .......................................................... 0 References .............................................................. 0 8. Pouchitis pouch-anal anastomosis, so a gastroscope rather than a colonoscope is preferred for pouchoscopy. Progression into 8.1. General the afferent ileal limb should always be attempted. Endoscopic findings compatible with pouchitis include diffuse erythema, which may be patchy, unlike that Proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the observed in UC. Characteristic endoscopic findings also procedure of choice for most patients with ulcerative colitis include oedema, granularity, friability, spontaneous or (UC) requiring colectomy.1 Pouchitis is a non-specific inflam- contact bleeding, loss of vascular pattern, mucous exudates, mation of the ileal reservoir and the most common complication 17 – haemorrhage, erosions and ulceration. Erosions and/or of IPAA in patients with UC.2 7 Its frequency is related to the ulcers along the staple line do not necessarily indicate duration of follow up, occurring in up to 50% of patients 10 years 18,22,23 – pouchitis. Biopsies should be taken from the pouch after IPAA in large series from major referral centres.1 9 The mucosa and from the afferent limb above the pouch, but not cumulative incidence of pouchitis in patients with an IPAA for along the staple line. familial adenomatous polyposis is much lower, ranging from 0 to 10%.10–12 Reasons for the higher frequency of pouchitis in UC 8.1.3. Histopathology of pouchitis remain unknown. Whether pouchitis more commonly develops Histological findings of pouchitis are also non-specific, within the first years after IPAA or whether the risk continues to including acute inflammation with polymorphonuclear leu- increase with longer follow up remains undefined. kocyte infiltration, crypt abscesses and ulceration, in association with a chronic inflammatory infiltrate.22,23 There may be discrepancy between endoscopic and histo- Statement 8A logic findings in pouchitis, possibly related to sampling error.24,25 Morphological changes