Migration and Its Impact on Cities – An Insight Report In Collaboration with PwC October 2017 Report Structure Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Defining migration, its types, causes, impact & trends Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Migration – Some of the world’s many migration routes Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Internal Migration routes in India, Russia and China INDIA RUSSIA Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service, 2016 CHINA Source: Migration Policy Institute, 2014 with additional routes from Kashyap, 2016 5 Source: Chan, 2012 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 International Migration – Top Destination Countries & Bilateral Corridors . Only one country from the top ten corridors has a destination country from North America, 8 from Asia and 1 from Africa. Destinations with highest number of international migrants are oil- producing nations of West Asia & conflict affected regions in the Middle East . The United States has the most immigrants, or 19% of the world's total. Germany and Russia follow with a combined share of 9.7%. Note: M = million Sources: Migration Policy Institute, n.d., UN DESA, 2016; Kirk 2016 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 International Migration – Cities with highest foreign born population (in %) . Migrants tend to be particularly concentrated in global cities, if they exist in their country of destination, as compared to other parts of the country. For instance, of the 6.8 million foreign-born people living in Canada, 46% reside in Toronto . Over 50% of the population of Dubai and Brussels is foreign-born due to their highly mobile workforces. In 2014, 36% of the total US population was concentrated in 20 US cities, which were home to 65% of the country’s authorized and 61% of its unauthorized immigrants. In Singapore, migrant workers account for 20% of the city-state’s population. Additionally, 28% of Australia’s population is foreign-born (6.6 million people) and they mainly reside in Sydney (1.4 million) and Melbourne (1.2 million) Source: International Organization for Migration, 2015, World Migration Report 2015; 7 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 International Migration – Emerging Centres . Some developing countries have become both origin and destination locations. For instance, China is a destination country for immigrants from Nigeria and is also the country of origin for emigrants to the Middle East. The level of internal migration in these countries is also increasing, causing the rapid expansion of cities. In addition, migrants are moving to smaller metropolitan areas, which are becoming new destinations Source: International Organization for Migration, 2015, World Migration 8 Report 2015 with additional cities Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Causes and Impact of Migration Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 A Migrant's Path at the Destination: Vicious or Virtuous? Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Some of the Cities Most Affected by Migration Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Montreal – The City Perspective City Challenges Solutions / Initiatives / Opportunities Montreal Integration & Social Cohesion - Bureau Housing - Immigrant families face d’intégration des nouveaux arrivants à difficulties at times in finding clean and Montréal (Bureau for integration of affordable housing newcomers to Montréal) – The tool welcomes newcomers (from 0-5 years of age) integrating them socially & economically Employment - Recognition of Integration & Social Cohesion - A centre achievements of migrants and jobs below for the Prevention of Radicalization Leading skill levels. Difficulties in job integration to Violence with a mission to prevent and City Profile extending to second and third generations counter radicalization that leads to violence Population – 1.94 million (2016) as well. Poverty Rate – 25% Integration & Social Cohesion - Education - Special classes, services in International Observatory of Mayors on Unemployment rate – 6.7% minority languages and amenities are Living Together - Programme aimed at (native-born) and 15.1% (newly needed. Access to education for children sharing and pooling experiences of cities arrived) with an irregular immigration status is another concern. around the world on issues of living together Foreign-born population – 33.2% of city population Integration & Social Cohesion - Radicalization (marginal) that leads to Average annual newcomers – violence and that could be attributed to Integration & Social Cohesion - 35,000 (permanent status) and social precariousness, family problems, Programme Montréal interculturel (PMI) to 68,000 (temporary status) discrimination, feelings of marginalization promote the development of harmonious intercultural relations Key pull factors - Low crime rate, and exposure to extremist ideologies. political stability, pursuit of higher Integration in the workforce is also a education challenge Lessons Learned Montreal’s cumulative actions, its bilateral relations with cities around the world and its involvement in multilateral organizations of cities promote sharing of expertise and learning. This, in turn, favours the establishment of winning conditions for fairer and more equitable societies that could lead to speedy fulfilment of a city’s sustainable development goals. Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Ottawa – The City Perspective City Challenges Solutions / Initiatives / Opportunities Ottawa Housing – Average cost of housing is Housing – Provision of temporary shelter for CAD 394,000 (Canadian dollars), refugees (e.g. Maison Sophia Reception House whereas the median family income was and Emergency family shelter programme by CAD 102,000. High cost of housing and YMCA-YWCA). Roof for refugees programme insufficient shelter for refugees are key with residents opening homes to refugees. challenges. Health - Language Learning for Health programme for English and French as second language with information on priority health Health – Inequities in healthcare are topics. Ottawa Public Health Information Line for not sufficiently meeting the needs of tackling language interpretation gaps. Data immigrants. Collection and framework and guidelines to City Profile gather social determinants of health data. Refugee 613 Health task force, providing health Population – 0.97 million (2016) assessments and support to refugees 2 City Area – 2,796 km Employment - Professional Internship for Integration & Social Cohesion - Newcomers (PIN) programme provides Unemployment rate – 6.3% Refugee integration in to city newcomers with Canadian work experience (2016) communities. through short-term paid employment positions Foreign-born population – 44% of city population (2011) Integration & Social Cohesion - Ottawa Local Average annual newcomers – Immigration Partnership (OLIP) to facilitate 12,000 community-wide strategic alignment and develop effective responses to attract, settle and integrate Key Pull Factors - Diverse immigrants. Francophone Immigration Support community, with over 90 Network of Eastern Ontario (FISNEO) to integrate languages spoken. francophone immigrants Lessons Learned Addressing the needs of newcomers requires a commitment to collaborate broadly and engage community partners and other levels of government. This will help to anticipate and identify emerging issues and needs, and to plan strategically in addressing barriers. Collaborating strategically on initiatives dealing with population-specific needs that might not otherwise be addressed has worked well in Ottawa. Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Calgary – The City Perspective City Challenges Solutions / Initiatives / Opportunities Calgary Housing – With Attainable Homes Calgary Corporation, the province supplies direct funding Housing – Average price of housing for rent subsidies to individuals in cities, Housing higher than the national average; database where citizens and private rental waiting list of 3,000 people for housing agencies register housing units for renting to units by Calgary Housing Company. refugees. Syrian Refugee Support Group is running an open warehouse to help set up households. Education – The public school board has schools dedicated for arriving migrants, as well as for Education – Some international international migrants who cannot speak English migrants lacking language skills or well or whose educational level is not sufficient for having educational level below that the general system. Momentum – a programme City Profile required for the general system for community economic development assisting individuals in business developent, financial Population – 1,246,337 (2016) literacy & skills training Unemployment rate – 9% (2016) Urban Planning – Building out on the Urban Planning - Policy goal of having 50% of Annual Population Growth Rate city’s edge, consumed financial resources growth come from redevelopment within the city and – 2.4% for slowly developing urban infrastructure 50% from new areas on the city’s fringes. Growth and not generate enough tax revenue to Key Pull Factors – Ranked 5th in Management – a policy for building out in focused get a return on the capital investment or the world for liveability (The areas and moving into a new area maintain the operating services. Economist), Outdoor recreation activities given the city proximity to Integration & Social Cohesion - Three Things the mountains, sunniest and Integration