ABBREVIATIONS AD Engels, Anti-DUhring C Marx, Capital CHPL Marx, Critique ofHegel's Philosophy ofLaw CHPll Marx, 'Critique of Hegel's Philosophy ofLaw, Introduction' CPE Marx, Critique ofPolitical Economy Dissertation Marx, Difference Between the Democritean anii Epicurean Philosophy ofNature DN Engels, Dialectics ofNature EPM Marx, Economic anii Philosophic Manuscripts 'Free Press' Marx, 'Debates on Freedom of the Press' G Marx, Grundrisse GI Marx & Engels, German ldeology GKPO Marx, Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Okonomie 'Gotha' Marx, 'Critique of the Gotha Program' HF Marx, Holy Family 'Leading Artic1e' Marx, 'Leading Artic1e No. 179 of the Kolnische Zeitung' LF Engels, Ludwig F euerbach and the End ofClassical German Philosophy Logic Hegel, Science ofLogic Logik Hegel, Wissenschajt der Logik Manifesto Marx, Communist Manifesto MECW Marx & Engels, Karl Marx Friederich Engels Collected Works MEPP Marx & Engels, Mllrx & Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy MEW Marx & Engels, Marx-Engels Werke PG Hegel, Phănomenologie des Geistes PM Hegel, Phenomenology of Mind PN Hegel, Philosophy ofNature PP Marx, Poverty ofPhilosophy 126 ABBREVIATIONS 127 SC Marx & Engels, Marx Engels Selected Co"espondence TF Marx, Theses on F euerbach TSV Marx, Theories of Surplus Value 'Wood Theft' Marx, Debates on the Law on Thefts of W ood' NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. For arguments that the interest in humanism began as a reaction against the Marxism of the Second International and Stalinism, see A. Schaff, Marxism and the Human Individual, trans. O. Wojtasiewicz, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1970, p. 3. 1. Fetscher, Marx and Marxism, New York, Herder and Herder, 1971, pp. 148ff. L. Althusser, For Marx, trans. B. Brewster, New York, Pantheon, 1969, p. 10. L. Althusser and E. Balibar, Reading Capital, London, NLB, 1970, pp. 119-20. 2. G. Lukacs, History and Class Consciousness, trans. R. Livingstone, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1971. See also K. Korsch, Marxism and Philosophy, trans. F. Halliday, New York and London, Monthly Review Press, 1970. 3. Selections from the German Ideology were first published in 1926. The first complete edition appeared in 1932. The Grundrisse first appeared in 1939 and 1941, though the Introduction was fmt published in 1903. 4. P.J. Kain, Schiller, Hegel, and Marx, Montreal, McGill­ Queen's University Press, 1982. 5. The latter view could already be found in Lukacs, pp. 1-26. 6. Fromm tends in this direction but holds that if Marx' hu­ manism is limited to the early works then the young Marx is the preferred Marx; see Marx's Concept of Man, New York, Ungar, 1966, p.69. 7. See, for example, Fromm, pp. 24-5,51-2, 74ff. T. Carver, Texts on Method, New York, Barnes and Noble, 1975, pp. 38-40. Fetscher, pp. 9-25. S. Avineri, Karl Marx: Social and Political Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1970, pp. 2, 39, 102, 123. 8. See, for example, M. Rader, Marx's Interpretation of His­ tory, New York, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp. 6-7. R. Tucker, Philosophy and Myth in Karl Marx, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1964, pp. 169-72. 9. A. Sanchez Vasquez, The Philosophy of Praxis, Trans. M. Gonzales, London, Merlin, 1977, p. 109. For others who argue an 128 INTRODUCTION 129 essential unity, see L. Colletti, Marxism and Hegel, trans. L. Gamer, London, NLB, 1973, pp. 228-33. A. Schmidt, The Concept of Nature in Marx, trans. B. Fowkes, London, NLB, 1971, p. 214. Schaff, pp. 22,24. See also S. Landshut and I-P. Mayer's 'Introduction' to Karl Marx, Oeuvres Philosophiques, trans. I. MoHtor, Paris, Costes, 1947, IV, pp. xiv-xvii. AIso L. Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism, trans. P.S. Falla, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1978, 1, 181-2, 236-7, 262-7. 10. Sanchez Vasquez, pp. 141,341. 11. See Lukacs, pp. 3-4, 19, 130,202, but also xviff. Schmidt, pp. 35, 66, 77. L. Kolakowski, 'Karl Marx and the Classical Definition of Truth' in Toward a Marxist Humanism, trans. I.Z. Peel, New York, Grove, 1968, pp. 42-51. Schaff, pp. x, 37-8. Sanchez Vasquez, pp. 113, 116, 119-20. Z.A. Iordan, The Evolution of Dialectical Materialism, London and New York, Macmillan and St. Martin's, 1967, pp. 27-31. Avineri, pp. 65-77. For an interesting critique of these positions, see I. Hoffman, Marxism and the Theory of Praxis, New York, International, 1975. 12. This frequent1y involves a complete misunderstanding of Engels, who, in fact, in these letters holds a much more determinist position than Marx does; see below, Chapter 4, Section 1. 13. Iordan, p. 33. Fromm, p. 22. 14. Lukacs, pp. 3-4, 24 (note 6), 199-202. Schmidt, pp. 16, 26-7,51-61, 166ff. Fetscher, pp. 149-51, 174-5. Iordan, pp. 3-15, 25-7,56,321-2,325-9,333. Avineri, pp. 65-9. 15. See, for example, Hoffman. 16. For Marx, pp. 28-35. In his more recent book, Lenin and Philosophy, Althusser has decided that the mature Marx can only be found in the very late 'Critique of the Gotha Program' (1875) and in the 'Notes on Adolph Wagner' (1879-80); see L. Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy, New York and London, Monthly Review Press, 1971, pp. 93-4. This is to throw out most of Marx in order to force him into one's own categories. 17. For Marx, pp. 185-9, 198-9,244,249. Reading Capital, pp. 148-57. 18. Reading Capital, pp. 145-57. 19. For Marx, pp. 13,221-3. 20. Reading Capital, pp. 139-40, 171-4. 21. In a very interesting book, S. Timpanaro rejects humanism as does Althusser but also rejects Althusser's anti-empiricism; see On Materialism, trans. L. Gamer, London, NLB, 1975, pp. 68, 192-4. 22. Reading Capital, pp. 35-43,62-3,87, 106-8, 117, 139-40. 23. There are many other important shifts in Marx' thought 130 NOTES which will not fit with Althusser's notion of a c1ear coupure epistemologique and neat periods. I have discussed these in Schiller, Hegel, arul Marx. 24. L. Seve, Man in Marxist Theory and the Psychology of Personality, trans. J. McGreal, Sussex, Harvester, 1978, pp. 65ff. 25. Seve, pp. 63-129, 292-3 (note 202). 26. J. Zeleny, The Logic of Marx, trans. T. Carver, Oxford, Blackwell, 1980, pp. 131, 185-6. Schmidt too is critical of Althusser and has some helpful things to say about Marx' method in the Grundrisse. However, he seems to reject the notion that there are shifts in Marx' thought; see A. Schmidt, History and Structure: An Essay on Hegelian-Marxist arul Structuralist Theories of History, trans. J. Herf, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1981. For another discussion of method in the Grundrisse, see Carver, pp. 3-45, 88-158. However, Carver too rejects the view that there are shifts in Marx' thought; Carver, pp. 38-9. 27. Zeleny, pp. 180-5 28. J. Seigel, Marx's Fate: The Shape of a Life, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1978, pp. 8-9, 171-2,294-317. 29. Seigel, pp. 195,201-2,212,304,317-24,359-61. 30. A. Gouldner, The Two Marxisms, New York, Seabury, 1980, pp. 32-5, 58ff., 157, 169ff. The view that there is a contradiction between scientific and critic al Marxism is also argued by Habermas and Wellmer. They argue that for Marx historical development is produced by instrumental action or human labor which is devoid of reflection. Yet Marx' process of investigation and his interest in emancipation require critical reflection or social action. See 1. Habermas, Knowledge and Human Interests, trans. J. Shapiro, Boston, Beacon, 1971, pp. 43-4,52-3; Theory and Practice, trans. J. Viertel, Boston, Beacon, 1974, pp. 195-252 passim; A. Wellmer, Critical Theory ofSociety, trans. J. Cumming, New York, Herder and Herder, 1971, Chapter 2, esp. pp. 70-5. 31. P.J. Kain, 'Estrangement and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat', Political Theory, VII (1979), pp. 509-20. 32. Gouldner, pp. 222-39. 33. M. Rader, Marx's Interpretation of History, New York, Oxford University Press, 1979, pp. 3, 10, 56, 75ff. For another discussion of the organic model and the doctrine of internal relations in Marx' thought, see B. Ollman, Alienation: Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society, 2nd edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1971. For a good critique of Ollman's position, see C. Gould, Marx's Social Ontology, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1978, pp. 38, 40, 87, 184 (note 22). Aiso see below, Chapter 3, note 48. 34. Rader, pp. 6-7. INTRODUCTION 131 35. Ibid. pp. 8-9,55, 185-6. 36. W. Adamson, 'Marx's Four Histories: An Approach to his Intellectual Development', History and Theory, XX (1981), pp. 379-402. Also see Adamson's Review of Rader, Cohen, and Shaw in Ibid., XIX (1980), pp. 188-91,203. 132 NOTES CHAPfERONE 1. K. Marx, Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (EPM) in Karl Marx Frederick Engels Collected Works (MECW), New York, International, 1975ff., m, 336; for the German see Marx Engels Werke (MEW), Berlin, Dietz, 1972ff., Erganzungsband 1, 577. K. Marx and F. Engels, Holy Family (HF), MECW, IV, 125, 131 and MEW, II, 132, 139. Aiso Theses on Feuerbach (TF), MECW, V, 3 and MEW, 111,5. 2. A. Schmidt, The Concept of Nature in Marx, trans. B. Fowkes, London, NLB, 1971, pp. 30, 34-5. Z.A. Iordan, The Evolution of Dialectical Materialism, London and New York, Macmillan and St. Martin's, 1967, pp. 13-4. S. Hook, From Hegel to Marx, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 1962, pp. 28-9. 3. Engels held alI four doctrines but rejected mechanical for dialectical interaction; see Ludwig F euerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy (LF), in Marx and Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, ed.