Beautification of the Yodogawa River Landscape OsakaPrefecturalGovernment March2019 Contents Introduction ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ P2 1.Transformation of the Yodogawa River・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ P3 2.YodogawaRiverLandscape 2-1SelectedAreas・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ P5 2-2 Capturing the Landscape・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ P5 3. Fundamental Goal and Policies for Landscape Creation 3-1 Fundamental Goal・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ P7 3-2 FundamentalPolicies・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ P7 4. Various Efforts to Beautify the Scenery of the Yodogawa 4-1 Maintaining and Preserving the Rich Natural Landscape of the Yodogawa・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ P9 4-2 Utilizing the Historical and Cultural Features of the Landscape Resources ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ P9 4-3 Creating Activities and Liveliness to Enjoy the Yodogawa Landscape・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ P10 4-4 Organizations Effectively Transmit Information About Attractive Landscapes・・・・・・・・・・・ P10 Conclusion・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ P11 Reference Materials ExamplesofLandscapeResourceUsage・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ P12 Attractive Yodogawa Landscape Maps 1-3 ・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・・ P20 1 Introduction The OsakaMetropolitanAreaGrandDesign representsthebroadscaledirectionforurbanspacecreationinthe Osakametropolitanarea.Asanexampleofurbanspacecreationbasedonacooperativestructurecoveringawide area,associatedorganizationsintheYodogawaareaactivelycooperatetoutilizetheuniquepotentialsthatcities alongriverspossesstobeautifyurbanspacesandattractmorevisitors. Additionally,intheOsakaPrefecturallandscapevision,attentionisgiventoareasincludingtheharmonyand relationshipwithnearbyhistoricalandculturalheritagesofriveraxes,landscapingthatactivelyutilizestherelationship withriverswhilestrivingforcoexistencewithregionalcharacteristicsandnature,creationofhydrophilicspacesthat takesafetyintoconsideration,andpreservinggreeneryalongtherivers. Furthermore,withtheaimofmakingtheYodogawariversideanattractiveurbanspace,aplatform(seep.11)was establishedasaplacewherecommunitydeveloperscanexchangetheiropinionsfreely.Throughthisplatform,a communitydevelopmentdesignwascreatedtopursetheformationofanattractivelandscape. Withthisinmind,thisleafletintroducesthenature,history/culture,andactivitiestakingplacealongtheriverside fromadiverseperspective,andalsosummarizesthefundamentalgoalsandeffortsthatthosepartakinginthe developmentallshareinordertopromotethemakingofanattractivelandscapeoftheYodogawaRiver. TheupcomingOsaka-KansaiExpo2025isagreatopportunitytosharethebeautyoftheYodogawalandscapeto theworld.Wehopethatbytakingourinitiativesinconsideration,everyonecomingintocontactwiththeYodogawa Riverwillhelpparticipateinitsfurtherbeautification. WealsohopethatoureffortstocreateanattractiveYodogawaRiverlandscapecontributestotheachievementof theSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)adoptedbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyin2015. 2 １. Transformation of the Yodogawa River Sinceitsformation,theYodogawaRiverhasbeenanactivecenterforpolitics,theeconomyandculturesince ancienttimes,servingasanetworkconnectingLakeBiwatotheSetoInlandSeainordertotransportpeopleand goods. ○ AncientTimes Osakahadalowersealevelabout20,000yearsago,andtheOsakaBayandtheSeto InlandSeawereland.Acoastlinewasformedafterariseinsealevel,creatingKawachi KawachiBay Baytotheeast.Fromthemid-JomonPeriod,KawachiBaywasgraduallyfilledwith sedimentationflowingfromtheYodoandYamatoRiverstothenortheastandsoutheast respectively.InthelateJomonPeriod,KawachiBayseparatedfromOsakaBayand becameafreshwaterlake,KawachiLake,inthemid-YayoiPeriod. TradewiththeChinesemainlandandtheKoreanpeninsulabeganduringtheKofun(Tomb) Early Jomon Period Period,andacanal(NambaHorie)wasexcavatedbetweenKawachiLakeandtheSeto about7000～8000yearsago InlandSeawheretheYodoRiverjoined.Nambatsuwasbuiltinthemiddleofthiscanaland servedasthegatewaytoancientJapan,makingOsakathecenterofdiplomacyandtraffic. ○ Medieval Period ManyriversflowedinalldirectionsintheOsakaplainsduringthemiddleagesandthe KawachiLake YodogawaRiverplayedanimportantroleinlinkingtheSetoInlandSea,thewest,and KyotofromaroundtheHeianPeriod.Osakacontinuedtodevelopasthe “WaterCapital,” atthesametimesufferinggreatlyfromfrequentfloods. TheYodogawaRiveratthetimehadsomeshallowwatersresultingfromsedimentthat Late Yayoi～Early Kofun accumulatedfromupstream,makingitunstableforshiproutes.Forthisreason,many Periods residentsworkedtogethertoremovetheaccumulatedsedimentandmoveitelsewhere. about1800～1600 years ago Thewaterfromtheriverwasalsoanimportantresourceforfarming. Coastline in the Edo Periods ○ EarlyModernPeriod Coastline in the Meiji Periods TheOsakaplainsservedasoneofthecentersforthenation’spolitics,economyand culture,andtheYodogawaRiverwasanimportantfoundationforitsdevelopment. In1594,ToyotomiHideyoshibuilttheTaikoembankmentashewasbuildingFushimi CastletohelptheFushimiportflourishandpreventthefloodingofOguraLake. HideyoshialsobuilttheBunrokuembankmentthatextendedfromHirakatatoNagara.Until then,therehadn’tbeenacontinuousembankmentontheleftbankoftheYodogawaRiver. Edo～Meiji Periods about400～120yearsago TheKawachiplainswerenowprotectedfromfloodingandtheKyokaidoroadabovethe embankmentbecametheshortest,welltraveled,stableroutebetweenOsakaandKyoto. AlongwiththeSaigokukaidoroadontherightbank,theroadsideareasdevelopedaspost towns. Osakaflourishedasthe “nation’skitchen” duringtheEdoPeriodandtheriversthat flowedinalldirectionsfunctionedasavitaldistributionnetworkfortheeconomy.The locationwhichisnowNakanoshima,Okawawaslinedwithwarehousesofvariousfeudal clans,andthepassengerboatsthatsailedbetweenHachikenya,OsakaandFushimi,Kyoto deliveredgoodsthatarrivedfromalloverJapan. Modern Day TheriversidetownsthusflourishedandbenefitedfromtheYodogawaRiver. Oike(Ogura Lake)Drawings of Famous Locations (Hachikenya) (Hashiramoto) in the Capital (courtesy of International Research View of Yodogawa Riverbanks (Drawings of Famous Locations, 1861) 3 Center for Japanese Studies) ○ MeijiPeriod IntheMeijiPeriod,theYodogawaRivercouldnotfunctionasachannelbecausethe riverbedroseduetosedimentation. TheDutchengineer,JohannisdeRijke,ledJapan’sfirstwaterworksconstruction projectfrom1875tomeanderthewaterwayforagentlerflowinordertosolvethis problem.Waterflowedtothecenteroftheriverasaresult,securingthedepthneeded forsteamboats.Sedimentalsoaccumulatedinthewaterway,coincidentallyforminga Aerial View of Waterworks Layout swampthatbecameafriendlyhabitatforaquaticlife. Thegreatdamagefromthefloodin1885influencedtheenactmentofariverlawin 1896,andalarge-scaleconstructionprojecttorenovatetheentireYodogawaRiver basinbegan.ThisincludedtheexcavationoftheShinyodogawaRiverandthebuildingof KemaLockGateandKemaaraizekidam. UntilthewaterworkswerecompletedinOsakaCityin1895,residentsdrankwater fromtheYodogawaRiver.Theneedtosecurewaterfordailylife,respondingtofires Diagram of Coves Resulting From andthepreventionofinfectiousdiseasescalledfortheestablishmentofwaterworks Waterworks Construction usingtheYodogawaRiverasasource. ○ ShowaPeriod-Present ThequalityoftheYodogawaRiverdeterioratedrapidlyfromthemid-1950sdueto householdandindustrialwastewater.However,householdwastewaterwascleanedwith theimprovementofsewagesystemsinthe1960sandthewaterqualityrecovered.As aresult,fishingresumedintheestuariesandcontinuestosupportOsaka’sfoodculture tothisday. Inaddition,theYodogawaRiverwithmeanderedwater(PictureA)hasbeenwidened PictureA:Yodogawa River (1971) (Mod. from Geospatial Info. Authority Photo) andstraightenedinordertoprotectOsakafromflooding(PictureB).Asaresult, damagecausedbyfloodinghasbeengreatlyreduced.Althoughthewetlandenvironment importantforwildlifehasdecreased,theenvironmentisgraduallyimprovingwiththe effortofdedicatedresidents. Withthedevelopmentofcars,railwaysandinfrastructuressuchasbridges,theonce abundantwatertransportationdeclined.Recentlyhowever,regularsightseeingcruises havebeenrevivedandfurtherdevelopmentoftheYodogawariversideisanticipated. Sandthatcollectsatthebottomoftheriverisalsoregularlyremovedfor maintenanceandtosecurespaceforshiproutes.Thesandisusedasmaterialfor PictureB: Yodogawa River (2006) concrete,playinganimportantroleinhelpingtobuildinfrastructuresfromthehigh- (Mod. from Geospatial Info. Authority Photo) growthperiod. Currently,thereareareaswithdiversecharacteristicsincludingrich,naturalareasto parksthatarefilledwithactivity.Themudflatsandcovesareinhabitedbymany speciesofwildlife,includingendemicandrarespeciesoftheBiwakoLakeand YodogawaRiverwatersystems. TheYodogawaRiverhelpsusinvariouswayswhileremainingveryclosetothe people’slives.ThehistoryoftheYodogawa,however,canbesaidtobeahistoryof repeatedstruggleswithfloods. Itasenpara (acheilognathus longipinnis) (rare species of the Yodogawa) Shijimi (clam) Fishing Work of Dedicated Residents Okawa Sightseeing Boat (Photo Credit:OsakaCityFisherman’sCoop.Assoc.） 4 ２.YodogawaRiver Landscape YodogawaRiverisrichinnaturethroughouttheseasons,varioushistoricalandculturalresources,and infrastructuresthathavedifferentfacadesdependingonthetimeofday. Inadditiontothesetranquillandscapes,itisimportanttoconsidertheconservationofnature,bustling activities,anddailymovementofbicycles,people,shipsandrailwaysinthinkingabouttheYodogawalandscape. All “things” relatedtotheYodogawaRiverthuscontributetoitslandscapecreation,andwepresentourview oftheYodogawalandscapeinhopethatitwillbecomeareferenceforthoseparticipatinginactivitiesinthe