Morgensterni Seltsi toimetised II Acta Societatis Morgensternianae II Päis 3 Morgensterni Seltsi toimetised II Acta Societatis Morgensternianae II Byzantino-Nordica 2004 Papers presented at the international symposium of Byzantine studies held on 7–11 May 2004 in Tartu, Estonia Edited by Ivo Volt and Janika Päll 4 Päis The publication of this volume was supported by the Estonian Science Foundation (grant 5802) and the Cultural Endowment of Estonia ISSN 1736–1230 ISBN 9949–11–266–4 Copyright Morgenstern Society and the authors, 2005 Morgenstern Society, Chair of Classical Philology, University of Tartu, Ülikooli 17, 51014 Tartu, Estonia E-mail: [email protected] Home page: http://www.ut.ee/klassik/ms/ Tartu University Press www.tyk.ee CONTENTS Editors’ preface and acknowledgements........................................................ 7 ANNE LILL Byzantium and the Nordic countries. Preliminary remarks . ..................... 9 MIKHAIL BIBIKOV Byzantine sources for the history of Balticum and Scandinavia................ 12 JAN OLOF ROSENQVIST Byzantine Trebizond: a provincial literary landscape................................. 29 MARKUS BOGISCH Qalat Seman and Resafa/Sergiupolis: two early Byzantine pilgrimage centres in Northern Syria.......................................................................... 52 TORSTEIN THEODOR TOLLEFSEN St. Maximus the Confessor, philosopher or theologian?............................. 73 KARSTEN FLEDELIUS Church and state — in Byzantium and beyond ........................................... 80 6 Contents JANIKA PÄLL Far away from Byzantium: pronunciation and orthography of Greek in the 17th century Estonia....................................................... 86 ANNE LILL University of Tartu and Byzantine studies (the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century)........................................................... 120 LJUDMILA DUBJEVA V. È. Regel — Professor der allgemeinen Geschichte der Jurjewer (Tartuer) Universität in den Jahren 1913–1918 ...................................... 136 KALLE KASEMAA Vom Übersetzen der patristischen Texte ins Estnische............................... 158 KAARINA REIN Modern Greek at the University of Tartu...................................................... 163 EDITORS’ PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The papers in this volume are presented in two sections: the first is for Byzantine studies proper (i.e. for papers discussing the authors, architec- ture, cultural or political history of Byzantium); the second contains papers about Byzantine, Patristic or Greek studies in Estonia. The two indexes include most of the personal and geographical names discussed or mentioned in the articles. A note on the spelling of proper names. Ancient Greek names have been, as a rule, transcribed direct rather than into their more traditional Latin spelling. The traditional spelling has been kept for names which are very familiar in their English (or, in the case of German papers, German) form (such as Homer); the same is valid for Late Greek and Byzantine Greek names (thus, e.g., John Xiphilinos). The names of Hu- manist scholars are given mostly as they are in Latin, except when the national forms of names are more familiar. In the transcription of Mo- dern Greek names, complete consistency could not be achieved. For Sla- vonic languages (mostly Russian), we have decided to use the trans- literation system adopted in the volume “The Slavonic languages” edited by Bernard Comrie and Greville G. Corbett (London; New York: Routledge, 1993), p. XII–XIII (except Russian х = kh). Greek and Russian name forms for modern authors can be found in bibliography sections at the end of each paper. The publication of the second volume in the series of Acta Societatis Morgensternianae was made possible by grant No 5802 from the Estonian Science Foundation, and a stipend from the Cultural Endowment of Estonia. The editors wish to thank Dr Martin Steinrück and The Earl of 8 Editors’ preface and acknowledgements Carlisle for their help in correcting the language in the papers. Thanks are also due to several institutions and persons who have been of great assistance in gathering bibliographical information or in procuring illustrations, especially the Department of Manuscripts and Rare Books of the Tartu University Library and its Head, Mare Rand. Ivo Volt Janika Päll BYZANTIUM AND THE NORDIC COUNTRIES Preliminary remarks Anne Lill To find connections between the cultures that are geographically remote, having different traditions and divergent historical background, is always a challenge. The idea to bring together in Estonia, at the University of Tartu scholars active in the Byzantine studies of the neighbouring countries came from a good colleague from Moscow, the renowned Byzantinist Mikhail (Michael) Bibikov. In Russia there has always been continuous interest in Byzantium, due to cultural connections, literature and language. Prof. Bibikov’s support and initiative helped the Estonian Committee of Byzan- tine Studies become a member of the International Association of Byzantine Studies in 2001. While the Byzantine studies in the Nordic countries have developed steadily, the Baltic countries have in many respects to start this study anew. In Estonia we have to deal with the different background, and that has also reflected in the scholarly interests both in the past and in the present. Nevertheless, Estonia had its highlight in the Byzantinistics for a short time in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. To revive the knowledge and memory of the history of Byzantinistics was one of the goals of the conference Symposium Byzantino-Nordicum that took place in Tartu, Estonia on 7–11 May 2004. The main aim was to establish academic co- operation between scholars from the different countries: Danish, Estonian, 10 Anne Lill Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish (to put it alphabetically), and to confirm the contacts with the Russian Byzantinists. In the future, the network will hopefully become larger and include the southern neighbours of Estonia, Latvians and Lithuanians, and also our German colleagues in the West. The reason why the first meeting of this kind was organized in Estonia is based on the historical circumstances: the contacts that Tartu had with the famous Russian Byzantinists before and after the turn of the 20th century. This gives an opportunity for the University of Tartu to make a considerable contribution to the history of Byzantinistics. The world famous scholars whose works have influenced considerably the development of this discip- line were active in Tartu during several decennia. The most prominent of them are Vasilij Regel and Aleksandr Vasil᾽ev. Regel started in Tartu a new journal on Byzantine studies, Vizantijskoe Obozrenie, that was meant to continue the line taken by the famous Vizantijskij Vremennik. The well known scholars, G. Cereteli, A. Nikickij, E. Kurtz, A. Jasinskij and others also belonged to the Tartu (Jur᾽ev) university and made their scholarly contribution to the development of the Byzantinistics. But historical conditions and the political situation in the second decade of the 20th century did not favour this field of research. Byzantinistics fell into disgrace after the year 1917 not only among the academics of Bolshevist Russia but also among those of the newly independent Estonia. The University of Tartu, created as an Estonian university in 1918, turned its interests and activities towards the West. The Russian professors left Tartu for Russia. At the time when Byzantinistics began its rapid development in Europe in the middle of the 20th century, the University of Tartu remained aside from this process. Currently, in Tartu the interest in Byzantium is related mostly to the Hellenic studies. Taking into consideration the historical expe- rience and the location between East and West, Estonia and Tartu are well placed to participate in the academic cooperation and make a contribution in this field. Byzantinistics with its interdisciplinary research topics that include a wide cultural knowledge can create the basis for the better under- standing among the scholars of various specialities. The papers submitted at the Tartu conference therefore included a wide range of issues, from the historical questions to literature and art. The participants from Moscow, Uppsala, Copenhagen, Oslo, Helsinki and Tartu presented aspects of their work, discussed specific questions next to more general ones. This volume of the Acta Societatis Morgensternianae is put to- gether on the basis of the presentations at the conference on Byzantinistics in Tartu. Byzantium and the Nordic countries 11 The paper of Mikhail Bibikov (Moscow) deals with the representation of the Baltic countries and Scandinavia in the Byzantine texts. Jan Olof Rosenqvist (Uppsala) gives a thorough overview analysis of a small town in Byzantium from where came a surprisingly large amount of scholars and writers. The questions related to philosophy and theology are discussed in the articles of Torstein Theodor Tollefsen (Oslo) and Karsten Fledelius (Copenhagen). Markus Bogisch (Copenhagen) explains the architecture of the places connected to the pilgrimage in Syria. The representatives from Tartu present the state of affairs in Estonia concerning Byzantinistics and Hellenistics together with the related subjects — Kalle Kasemaa writes about the translations of Patristic texts into Estonian; Ljudmila Dubjeva gives a synopsis of the life and works of V. È. Regel; Janika