www.quirinpress.com @QuirinPress Quirin Press Release “It is largely thanks to [Maspero’s] pioneer work in the fields of Chinese religion, anthropology, linguistics and history that China’s contribution to the achievement of man could first be reviewed on terms of parity with those of other civilizations. “To the question whether his discoveries, opinions and interpretations have been outdated by the subsequent thirty years’ research, it may be answered that leading scholars still rely with the utmost confidence on his writings as a framework whose validity has outdated their most recent findings, and whose detail has in many cases not been bettered.” — Michael Loewe, University of Cambridge (from the sleeve notes to the original 1981 edition.) Taoism and Chinese Religion Revised Edition by Henri Maspero Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. Price for pb & E-book: $ 96.56 USD | €74.00 EUR | £ 58.40 GBP | $ 99.99 AUD Publication date: Sep. 2014 Paperback (Sep. 2015 E-book) Size: xli + 689 pages | 6 x 9 in. / 234 x 156 mm. | 2.339 lb / 1060 gm Formats available: Perfect Bound (pb) & E-book Series: Quirin Pinyin Updated Editions (QPUE) ISBN 13: 978-1-922169-04-4 Paper | 978-1-922169-05-1 E-book (Sep 2015) … one of the greatest attractions of Maspero’s writings in this volume (and one that will endure even when our own researches eventually make us better informed than he was on every topic upon which he touched), is the invaluable picture disclosed to us of a mature sinologist remarkable for his broad erudition and penetrating insight confronting a field of research completely untouched by earlier scholars. From the introduction by T. H. Barrett About this book This book is a translation of Le Taoisme et les Religions Chinoises, which was posthumously published in France in 1971. It is the first English translation of most of the seminal works on Chinese religion of the great sinologist Henri Maspero. First released by The University of Massachusetts Press in 1981, this Quirin Press Revised Edition brings back into print this classic of Western sinology and offers the full original text with the following features: Older Wade-Giles transliteration fully updated and revised to the current Pinyin standard. Fully re-typeset and proofed for typographical errors and inconsistencies Expanded index including Chinese characters Keywords: Daoism | China – China | Religion Maspero (1883-1945) was the first Western scholar to study the vast and recondite compendium of Daoist writing, the Daozang, and explore its historic meaning. The first part of the book closely examines Chinese society, religion, and folk-myth; the second part specifically focuses on the practice and form of Daoism and includes an extensive investigation of yoga-like procedures of nutrition, breathing exercises, and sexual techniques—all designed to ensure personal immortality in ancient Daoism. The titles of the nine “books” comprising this study give an indication of its breadth and variety: Chinese Religion in Its Historical Development; The Mythology of Modern China; The Society and Religion of the Ancient Chinese and of the Modern Tai; How Was Buddhism Introduced into China?; Daoism in Chinese Religious Beliefs of the Six Dynasties Period; The Poet Xi Kang and the Club of Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove; An Essay on Daoism in the First Centuries CE; How to Communicate with the Daoist Gods; Methods of “Nourishing the Vital Principle” in the Ancient Daoist Religion. About the Author: The late Henri Maspero (1883–1945) was Professor of Chinese at the Collège de France, Paris. He died in Buchenwald. Related titles by Henri Maspero: China in Antiquity, Revised Edition Quirin Press (Forthcoming Mid 2015) www.quirinpress.com QP @QuirinPress Quirin Pinyin Updated Editions (QPUE) New editions that update and revise classics of Western sinology in line with current scholarship and practices (e.g. the older Wade-Giles transliteration of Chinese words updated to the current Pinyin standard). All QPUE titles are published in both paperback and E-book formats. Series titles include the following Revised Editions: The Poetry of the Early Tang, by Stephen Owen The Great Age of Chinese Poetry: The High Tang, by Stephen Owen Taoism and Chinese Religion, by Henri Maspero China in Antiquity, by Henri Maspero Zen Dust: The History of the Koan and Koan Study in Rinzai (Linji) Zen, by Isshu Miura and Ruth Fuller Sasaki Lunheng: The Complete Essays of Wang Chong, Translated & annotated by Alfred Forke For further details visit: www.quirinpress.com Twitter: @quirinpress blank page Taoism and Chinese Religion blank page Taoism and Chinese Religion Revised Edition Henri Maspero Translated by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. QUIRIN PRESS Melbourne & Basel 2014 Published by Quirin Press P.O. Box 4226, Melbourne University, Vic. 3052, Australia E-mail: [email protected] http://www.quirinpress.com This work is a translation of Henri Maspero: Le Taoïsme et les religions chinoises © 1971 by Gallimard. Copyright © 1981 by The University of Massachusetts Press. Copyright © 2014 by Quirin Press for this second revised edition. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or otherwise stored in a retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. The National Library of Australia Cataloging-in-Publication entry: Maspero, Henri, 1883-1945, author. Taoism and Chinese religion / Henri Maspero; Frank A. Kierman, Jr. (translator). Revised edition. ISBN: 9781922169044 (paperback) Quirin Pinyin Updated Editions (QPUE) Includes bibliographical references and index. Taoism—China. | China—Religion. Kierman, Frank A. (Frank Algerton), 1914- translator. 299.5140951 ISBN: 978-1-922169-04-4(pbk.) ISBN: 978-1-922169-05-1(E-book) ⑧ Printed on acid-free paper The notes by Yoshio Kawakatsu, from Dōkyō, the 1966 translation of Maspero’s work into Japanese, published by Tōkai Daigaku Shuppankai (Tōkai University Press), Tokyo, appear in English translation by kind permission of Yoshio Kawakatsu. Publisher’s Note To The Quirin Press Revised Edition The present publication in the Quirin Pinyin Updated Editions (QPUE) series updates and revises Taoism and Chinese Religion by Henri Maspero, which was originally published by The University of Massachusetts Press in 1981. The revisions bring this title in line with current scholarship and practices. Apart from updating the older Wade-Giles transliteration of Chinese words to the current pinyin standard, the text has been fully re-set and any inconsistencies and typographical errors corrected. Given that the term taoism is generally accepted and recognized as a word in the English language, the older Wade-Giles transliteration is retained for the title of the book; within the text, however, the pinyin daoism is used. For the sake of consistency Chinese names in bibliographic entries have been updated to pinyin, even though any Wade-Giles translitera- tions in English language titles have been retained. The index has been fully revised and expanded to include Chinese characters where ap- propriate. Chinese characters have also been added to the text where appropriate, save for any characters that could not be established from original sources with absolute certainty. For the parts they have played in the production and publication of this revised edition of Henri Maspero's unique work, we are indebted to a number of people and organizations. Our thanks go to Yvonne Crevier of The University of Massachusetts Press for permission to re-issue this title; to Professor Barrett for the update to his introduction; and to Cheryl Hutty for proofing the work and implementing the extensive pinyin updating and checking of all the Chinese characters. Quirin Press Melbourne, 2014 blank page Contents Publisher’s Note to the Quirin Press Revised Edition vii Contents ix Introduction by T. H. Barrett xiii Translator’s Preface xxxiii Original Preface by Max Kaltenmark xxxvii BOOK I Chinese Religion in Its Historical Development 1. Ancient Religion 3 2. The Religious Crisis of the Warring States Period 19 3. Daoism 28 4. Buddhism 42 5. Confucianism 59 BOOK II The Mythology of Modern China 1. Popular Religion and the Three Religions 87 2. The Supreme Gods 99 A. The Jade Emperor, Yuhuang 玉皇 99 B. The Family and Court of the Jade Emperor 102 C. Celestial Administration and Ministries 103 D. Heaven and the Supreme Emperor in Imperial Worship 105 3. The Gods of Nature 108 A. The Sun and the Moon 108 B. The Old Woman Who Sweeps Heaven Clear 109 C. Sire Thunder and the Mother of Lightning 110 D. The Rain and the Wind 111 E. The Dragon-Kings, Longwang 龍王 112 x Contents 4. The Gods in Charge of Administrative Bodies 115 A. The Grand Emperor of the Eastern Peak 115 B. The Gods of Administrative Districts 119 C. Family Gods 126 5. Gods of Professions, Trades, and Guilds 147 A. Civil Mandarins 147 B. Military Mandarins 157 C. The Peasants 158 D. Sailors: The Empress of Heaven (Tianhou 天后) 165 E. Tradesmen and Artisans 168 6. Gods Charged with Looking After Men Individually 171 A. Guandi 關帝 171 B. The Supreme Lord of Dark Heaven (Xuantian Shangdi 玄天上帝) 178 C. The Mother of the Bushel (Doumu 斗母) 179 D. The Three Agents (Sanguan三官 ) 180 E. The Three Stars (Gods of Happiness) 182 F. The Eighteen Arhats and the Eight Immortals 184 G. Daoist and Buddhist Gods Who Protect Women 187 H. Immortal Zhang 張 Who Gives Male Children 196 I. Gods of Illnesses and Healing Gods 198 7. Gods of the Other World 201 A. The Ten Hells and Their Kings 201 B. The Life of Souls in the Hells 208 C. The Bodhisattva Dizang 地藏 (Kshitigarbha) 214 D. The Paradise of Amitābha 218 E. The Immortals and the Queen Mother of the West, Xiwangmu 西王母 222 BOOK III The Society and Religion of the Ancient Chinese and of the Modern Tai 1.