Maryland’s Choate Chromite Mine, 1830-1920 By Johnny Johnsson hromium was mined in Maryland during parts of the nine- teenth century, and some of the mines were reworked in the early years of the twentieth century. The Choate Mine in SoldiersC Delight, Baltimore County, an important producer of chrome ore, was typical of these underground metal mining operations owned or operated by the renowned Tyson mining family of Baltimore during the mid-1800s. The preservation of several rare manuscripts of Isaac Tyson, Jr., yields small glimpses of the early development of this mine. As founder of the American chromium industry, Tyson was inducted into the Na- tional Mining Hall of Fame and Museum in 1996.1 His “Record Book of Deeds, Leases, etc., 1828-1849” resides in the Maryland Historical Society Library in Baltimore. The “Old Memo and Journal” that he kept in 1833 and 1834 is archived at the Vermont Historical Society in Montpelier. His “Memorandum Book, 1835-1852” is kept in the pri- vate Tyson family archives. These primary sources, together with land records, published ac- counts, rare photographs, and several pieces of heretofore unknown cor- respondence, make possible a history of the Choate operation; one that illustrates how minerals were discovered, acquired, and mined to supply needed raw materials during the Industrial Revolution. Early Chromium History and Soldiers Delight The Choate Mine is probably the most accessible andbest preserved underground metal mine in Maryland. It is located in the serpentine barrens of the Soldiers Delight Natural Environment Area near Owings Mills in Baltimore County. The absence of thick topsoil and vegetation 54 2017 Mining History Journal tions. Chromite, or chromate of iron (FeCr2O4), was first discovered and mined in the United States in 1808 or 1810 at Bare Hills, just north of Baltimore. The chromium-bearing mineral provided the key ingredient necessary to manu- facture the colorful chrome-yellow paint pig- ment prized by English royalty and useful in the arts. Isaac Tyson, Jr., a devout Quaker and son of a wealthy flour merchant, exported chro- mite to Europe from Fells Point, Baltimore, on Baltimore clipper ships. By 1822 the mineral was also known to occur in alluvial sand and as heavy, black rocks on the surface in nearby Soldiers Delight, a large grassland area with underlying serpentine similar to Bare Hills.2 Subsequent important discoveries were made in Harford and Cecil counties and in southeastern Pennsylvania. Loose rocks of the dark, weather-resistant chromite on the grassy surface gave evidence of lenses of ore underground. Grains of dis- seminated chromite also weathered from the serpentinite and formed placer deposits of sand chrome in nearby stream valleys. Tyson, who got his start in mining chromite at Bare Hills, Isaac Tyson, Jr. (1792-1861), Quaker began leasing mineral rights and purchasing industrialist from Baltimore, Maryland, founded property in Soldiers Delight in 1825. His first the chromium industry in the United States. purchase was 15 acres of “Graziers Delight” and (Author’s photograph, 29 July 1999. 91.25 acres of “Gosnell’s Camp Resurveyed” Courtesy of William Whitman.) and “Wilmot’s Chance.” He bought this land in October 1825 from John Boughman for the and the fact that the mine was operated as recent- sum of one thousand dollars.3 ly as World War I account for its good condition. One can still observe mine timbers and building Establishment of the Choate Mine foundations at this site, which is just a short walk on a marked trail from the overlook and historic Tyson became acquainted with the Choate and sign on Deer Park Road. As a volunteer ranger, Triplett families of Soldiers Delight and worked the author conducts fall and spring mining histo- with them to secure supplies of sand chrome and ry hikes for the Maryland Park Service highlight- lump ore that he marketed and exported or used ing the legacy of the Choate Mine. The history of in early experiments in manufacturing chromium this chrome mine covers nearly a century. It was chemicals in addition to paint pigments. Several bought, worked, and resold several times during parcels of land in Soldiers Delight were owned its life, a typical phenomenon for mining opera- by Solomon Choate’s family. Solomon’s cousin, Maryland’s Choate Chromite Mine, 1830-1920 55 The sloping entrance to the Choate Mine. (Author’s photograph, 28 September 2013.) The author demonstrating historic mine lighting artifacts at the entrance of the Choate Mine during an October 2013 mining history hike. 56 2017 Mining History Journal the large tract of land called Graziers Delight, where the Choate Mine is located.5 It is inter- esting to note that this deed, by sale of trustee, does not mention mining or mineral rights, making it possible that the trustee was unaware of the extraction of valuable chromite deposits by residents of Soldiers Delight. On the other hand, the purchasing parties and the selling trustee may have been well aware of the mineral potential of the property and considered it in their dealings, because the author’s land records research indicates that mineral rights are not always specifically addressed in early fee simple property transfers. In March 1834 Isaac Tyson rented a horse from a livery stable in Baltimore and rode out nearly twenty miles to Soldiers Delight for two days to visit the chromite operations. By this time, Edward Triplett was apparently an agent for Tyson, a relationship their families would continue through successive generations. Tyson travelled around Soldiers Delight with Triplett inspecting the washing of placer chromite from the streams and negotiating business deals. He contracted with Herod Choate for chromite ore for twenty-two dollars per ton. After a long The gravestone of Herod Choate (1796-1877) in ride home in the rain, Tyson recorded that he Reisterstown Cemetery. (Author’s photograph, “reached home at 7 o’c [sic] facing the wet nurse February 1999.) very poorly.”6 In other words, he was drenched and probably looked like a drowned rat, with Herod Choate, a veteran of the defense of Balti- the wet nurse reference pertaining to their fam- more in 1814 who had recently returned with his ily situation concerning the recent birth of his family from a sojourn in Kentucky, worked chro- son Isaac Tyson, III. In 1839 another contract mite deposits located in Soldiers Delight.4 secured chromite for the price of twenty-five dol- The Choate Mine may have originated during lars per long ton, with Tyson supplying the barrels this early time period. At least it was an important and making a reasonable allowance for moisture supplier of chromite to Tyson. Considering the content.7 size and richness of its chromite lens, it is possible In October 1843 Herod Choate gave Tyson that the Choate Mine was the place of first discov- a sample of speckled ore from a newly discovered ery of lump chrome ore at Soldiers Delight. vein on Banks’ and Berryman’s land. Tyson care- In 1830 John Berryman, who was married fully separated chromite from the gangue. His lab- to Herod Choate’s sister Deborah, and Daniel oratory analysis using lime and saltpeter showed B. Banks, a prominent Baltimore City merchant that this ore was capable of yielding 54 percent and landowner, purchased as tenants in common potassium bichromate, the chromium chemical Maryland’s Choate Chromite Mine, 1830-1920 57 Assay No. 46, an 1843 Tyson laboratory analysis of speckled chrome ore from the Tyson Memorandum Book. (Courtesy of the Tyson family archives, South Strafford, Vermont.) he was attempting to manufacture.8 This loca- Mine. Isaac’s eldest son Jesse Tyson had inher- tion may have been one of the unnamed mines or ited control of the chromium chemicals business, prospects near the Choate Mine. In 1845 Tyson whereas his son James Wood Tyson oversaw the successfully patented a process for manufacturing chromite and copper mining operations. Isaac’s chromate of potash. This process claimed an im- vast land holdings and mineral rights for chro- proved yield using supplemental wood ashes ver- mite, including much of Soldiers Delight, were sus ordinary potassium carbonate or other alka- consolidated as part of the Tyson Mining Com- line salts.9 He established a chromium chemicals pany in 1867.11 The Baltimore Chrome Works factory, Isaac Tyson and Company, in partnership was also incorporated to continue manufacturing with his son Jesse, in Fells Point, near his export chromium chemicals. Each brother served as an wharf. officer and director of the other’s primary busi- Operation of the Choate Mine diminished ness, with the Baltimore Chrome Works initially during the 1850s and early 1860s. At that time purchasing chrome ore from the Tyson Mining the large Wood Pit Mine in Lancaster County, Company. The remaining stock ownership of Pennsylvania, supplied most of Tyson’s high-grade these closely held companies was divided among ore. Tyson contracted to buy John Berryman’s in- Isaac Tyson’s non-managing family members in a terest in the Choate Mine property for $4,162.50. trust arrangement. Berryman died and Tyson was forced to file a bill The Choate Mine and other productive mines of complaint in the Circuit Court of Baltimore in Soldiers Delight, including the Ware, Har- City against Berryman’s heirs to complete the ris, and Calhoun, operated until approximately purchase. In 1860 he succeeded in acquiring John 1880.12 After the Civil War, four-hundred-pound Berryman’s undivided half-interest in the five wooden barrels packed with chromite from Sol- hundred acres of land in Soldiers Delight for the diers Delight lined the Owings Mills railroad-sta- contracted price, but in 1861 Tyson died.10 tion platform, awaiting shipment.