Geographical Problems in Boundary Making Author(s): Thomas H. Holdich Source: The Geographical Journal, Vol. 47, No. 6 (Jun., 1916), pp. 421-436 Published by: geographicalj Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1779240 Accessed: 24-06-2016 17:08 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Geographical Journal This content downloaded from 178.250.250.21 on Fri, 24 Jun 2016 17:08:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS IN BOUNDARY MAKING. 421 I see my friend, Mr. Thacher Clarke, thinks the same. From the head of the Gulf of Adramyttium to the mouth of the Aisepos is about 70 statute miles. It is exposed to flank attack the whole way from the east. When you get to the mouth of the Aisepos, I think you would have about another 45 miles to Lampsakos-altogether about I20 miles. The last 45 would be exposed on its flank to the Sea of Marmara. I confess I cannot imagine any general would undertake such a march as that on a single line, without holding the whole of the interior of the country. The danger of it seems to me to be simply enormous. Lord Bryce asked a question with regard to the scrub on the plain of Granikos. I am afraid my photograph must have been misleading. On the plain of Granikos itself there is no scrub; it is all either grass or cultivated. The banks of the river are covered with bushes; the plain itself is almost bare and exactly suited to the phalanx. The passage of the river itself was, of course, not very well suited to the phalanx. The first attack appears to have been made by the light troops, and the phalanx must have been rather at a disadvantage. However, it did get across. The limestone and the granite near the Scamander Gorge do not belong to the Tertiary strata. The limestone there is part of the metamorphic skeleton of the Troad. I do not know exactly the age of that limestone; it is possibly Palaeozoic; certainly not later than Mesozoic. The southern end of the gorge is igneous serpentine, with some granite in the neighbourhood. But that is part of the Secondary and, I think, later than the limestone. I must not venture to follow Dr. Mill into the great desiccation question- I do not think there is any evidence on the problem in the Troad itself. The Southern Troad was famous for its fertility in antiquity, and there is no reason why it should not be equally fertile to-day, except that the Turk is no agricul- turist, and very much prefers to make money, in the north by the valonea oak, which requires only the collection of the acorns once a year, and in the south by the olive, which requires little attention so long as the irrigation, which in this district is very easy, is kept up. It was interesting to find that the olive forest is to a considerable extent in the hands of small owners, whose property is reckoned by trees, not by area; some owned as little as one tree. A large area, however, has passed into the hands of one firm. There should be material here for a curious study of small ownership in competition with the large estate. GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS IN BOUNDARY MAKING. Colonel Sir Thomas H. Holdich, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E. Read at the Meeting of the Society, 3 April 19 16. THE political atmosphere will soon be charged with discussions relating to the revision of frontier and of international boundaries. What the physical nature of such boundaries should be-whether they should be designed so as to give special opportunity for the interchange of social courtesies and the promotion of brotherly good fellowship between conti- guous peoples, as some writers and theorists who have a hopeful view of the regeneration of humanity advocate; or whether they should conform as far as possible to the nature of physical barriers opposing unauthorized This content downloaded from 178.250.250.21 on Fri, 24 Jun 2016 17:08:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 422 GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS IN BOUNDARY MAKING. expansion and trespass into the neighbour's territory and thus destroy the germs of frontier dispute-such boundaries indeed as have been found practically necessary, is rather too large a question to tackle in one evening's paper. I shall confine myself to-night to a reference to some of the geographical problems which beset the business of boundary making, and endeavour to show you how the advance of elementary geographical knowledge within the last fifty years has minimized the difficulties and the dangers of international dispute arising from geographical ignorance. The delimitation of an international frontier is the business of treaty makers who decide on trustworthy evidence the line of frontier limi- tation which will be acceptable to both the nations concerned, with all due regard to local conditions of topography and the will of the peoples who are thus to have a barrier placed between them. These are the two first and greatest considerations, and they involve a knowledge of local geography and of ethnographical distributions. Dependent thereon are other important matters which may largely influence a final decision- matters which may include military, political, or commercial interests, but all of which are subject to geographical and ethnographical conditions. It is only quite recently-within the last half century or so-that geographical knowledge has been considered an important factor (or considered a factor at all) in the education of the political administrator. Fifty years ago the whole wide area of scientific knowledge embraced in the field of geography was narrowed to a ridiculous little educational streamlet which babbled of place names and country products. Scanty as was the educational value of geographical teaching fifty years ago, it was almost equalled in its feebleness by the practical knowledge of the subject which included the all important matter of map-making. True we had our geodetic scientists, and much profound thought and practical energy had already been devoted to solving the riddle of the Earth's form and dimen- sions, such as laid the foundation for an after extension of valuable bases for surface measurement which would sustain the building up of maps. But it was not the development of map-making alone which led to the better appreciation of the absolute necessity for scientific geographical education in the widest sense of the term. It was the discovery that we were being left very far behind in the field, not so much of pioneer re- search (there we have always held our own), as of that practical knowledge which profoundly affected our position as a commercial nation, our pros- pects in the military field, or our political dealings with other countries when the question arose of partition or spheres of interest, that forced the conservative hand of our educational administration and led to the forma- tion of geographical schools throughout the country. In short, it began to be quite clear that geography was a science that had to be reckoned with, and which it paid pre-eminently to study. We have found now by the experience of the last twenty to thirty years that certain provisional methods, methods which involve the use of a This content downloaded from 178.250.250.21 on Fri, 24 Jun 2016 17:08:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS IN BOUNDARY MAKING. 423 / F ' _ _ - 1 41 1 >4 Zz ;3 I .I z o 3 t < cn^z q) 0 Fe o- tc 0 0 - z hi o uc 0 0 ug o cl QC . 5 I- U) o. This content downloaded from 178.250.250.21 on Fri, 24 Jun 2016 17:08:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 424 GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS IN BOUNDARY MAKING. smaller class of instruments and wireless telegraphy and lead to rapid pro- gress in advance of strict geodetic measurements, are quite sufficient to enable us to spread out our map system on comparatively small scales of work over the vast areas that are of primary interest to the commercial, military, or political geographer, without the accumulation of any error that would invalidate the map. This is the sort of work nowadays which is voluntarily undertaken by many travellers, and which gives us results that are far beyond those of earlier geographical pioneers in value. It is this sort of work which is wanting whenever a political discussion arises as to respective spheres of national interest in wide and only half explored regions, and which usually remains wanting. It is often the fact of the possession of geographical data of the most absurdly elementary type that enables the commercial pioneer to succeed in striking effectively in the development of a fresh trade area. The details of such work concern the actual processes by which frontiers are secured, and belong to the demar- cator, who completes the boundary demarcation when delimitation has taken shape in the form of an agreement or treaty between the high con- tracting parties.