No. of Pages 3 AH3012 No. of Questions: 8 SUMMER EXAMINATIONS 2005 Subject ARCHAEOLOGY Title of Paper AH3012 ANCIENT SICILY Time Allowed TWO HOURS __________________________________________________________________________________ Instructions to candidates Candidates should answer BOTH sections of the paper. In SECTION A (45%), answer any THREE questions (45minutes-1hr). In SECTION B (55%) answer ONE of the essay questions (1hr-1hr15mins). You should include detailed examples and show evidence of critical reading. __________________________________________________________________________________ SECTION A 1. Comment on any THREE of the following passages from the ancient documentary evidence for Sicily. Your answer should examine the source itself (e.g., what is it, when was it composed, what advantages and disadvantages does it present?), the historical context (e.g., who, what, when?) and the historical significance of the passage quoted. You should not spend more than 15-20 minutes on each passage and you should not write more than c.250 words for each (15% each). a. Diodorus Siculus 5.6: We must now write briefly about the Sikanoi who were the first inhabitants of Sicily, in view of the fact that certain historians are not in agreement about this people. Philistos, for instance, says that they removed from Iberia and settled on the island, having got the name they bore from a certain river in Iberia named Sikanos; but Timaios adduces proof of the ignorance of this historian, and correctly declares that they were indigenous. b. Thucydides 6.3.1: The first of the Hellenes to arrive were Chalcidians from Euboea with Thukles, their founder. They founded Naxos and built the altar of Apollo Archegetes, which now stands outside the city and is where visitors to the games first sacrifice when they are sailing from Sicily. Syracuse was founded in the following year by Archias, one of the Heraclidae from Corinth. 1 continued…. AH3012 c. Herodotos 7.166: They add this tale too--that Gelon and Theron won a victory over Hamilcar the Carthaginian in Sicily on the same day that the Greeks defeated the Persian at Salamis. This Hamilcar was, on his father's side, a Carthaginian, and a Syracusan on his mother's and had been made king of Carthage for his virtue. When the armies met and he was defeated in the battle, it is said that he vanished from sight, for Gelon looked for him everywhere but was not able to find him anywhere on earth, dead or alive. d. Diodorus Siculus 11.78.5: While these events were taking place, in Sicily the king of the Siceli, Ducetius, a man of famous family and influential at this time, founded the city of Menaenum and distributed the neighbouring territory among the settlers, and making a campaign against the strong city of Morgantina and reducing it, he won fame among his own people. e. Thucydides 4.61.1-3 And yet as sensible men, if we call in allies and court danger, it should be in order to enrich our different countries with new acquisitions, and not to ruin what they possess already; and we should understand that the intestine discords which are so fatal to communities generally, will be equally so to Sicily, if we, its inhabitants, absorbed in our local quarrels, neglect the common enemy. These considerations should reconcile individual with individual, and city with city, and unite us in a common effort to save the whole of Sicily. Nor should any one imagine that the Dorians only are enemies of Athens, while the Chalcidian race is secured by its Ionian blood; the attack in question is not inspired by hatred of one of two nationalities, but by a desire for the good things in Sicily, the common property of us all. f. Diodorus Siculus 14.47.4-5 Dionysius with the Syracusans, the mercenaries, and his allies marched forth from Syracuse and made his way towards Eryx. For not far from this hill lay the city of Motya, a Carthaginian colony, which they used as their chief base of operations against Sicily; and Dionysius hoped that with this city in his power he would have no small advantage over his enemies. In the course of his march he received from time to time the contingents from the Greek cities, supplying the full levy of each with arms; for they were all eager to join his campaign, hating as they did the heavy hand of Phoenician domination and relishing the prospect at last of freedom. g. Entella 2 (SEG 30.1118) When Leukios son of Pakkios was hieromnamon, on the 26th of Eumenideios. Resolved by the assembly as also by the council. Since the Geloans, when we previously lived in this city and war broke out against the Carthaginians, came to the help of our city with horse and foot, entered into treaty and contracted alliance, and similarly now since we are living in the city they make it clear that they are mindful of their friendship and goodwill towards us, it is resolved to record, writing it on a bronze plaque in the temple of Hestia, the friendship and alliance which exists between us and the Geloans, and that they should be invited to the games and that we should sacrifice with them, so that we may make it clear to future generations that we remember those who have done services to our city. Of the Geloans. 2 continued…. AH3012 h. Diodorus Siculus 36.7 After the siege of Morgantina, Salvius, having overrun the country as far as the plain of Leontini, assembled his whole army there, no fewer than thirty thousand picked men, and after sacrificing to the heroes, the Palici, dedicated to them in thanks offering for his victory a robe bordered with a strip of sea-dyed purple. At the same time he proclaimed himself king and was henceforth addressed by the rebels as Tryphon. i. Cicero, In Verrem II.ii.32 The Sicilians have this law,-- that if a citizen of any town has a dispute with a fellow-citizen, he is to decide it in his own town, according to the laws there existing; if a Sicilian has a dispute with a Sicilian of a different city, in that case the praetor is to assign judges of that dispute, according to the law of Publius Rupilius, which be enacted by the advice of ten commissioners appointed to consider the subject, and which the Sicilians call the Rupilian law [...] If a Roman citizen makes a claim on a Sicilian, a Sicilian judge is assigned; if a Sicilian makes a claim on a Roman citizen, a Roman citizen is assigned as judge: in all other matters judges are appointed selected from the body of Roman citizens dwelling in the place. In law-suits between the farmers and the tax collectors, trials are regulated by the law about corn, which they call Lex Hieronica. SECTION B 2. What other evidence can we use for the study of ancient Sicily besides the literary sources? How does it help? You should illustrate your answer with specific examples. 3. Who was worst for Sicily - Carthaginians, Greeks, or Romans? Why? 4. What problems do we face in writing a history of Phoenician settlement in Sicily? 5. How far did the Athenian expedition unite the Sicilians? 6. How useful are the Verrines as a source for Roman Sicily? 7. Was Plato right to be worried that Greek could disappear from fourth-century Sicily? 8. Was Ducetius' revolt the last chance for the Sikels, or merely the culmination of their hellenization? 3 continued…. 4 continued…. .