A Changing World Each chapter you will study in this unit describes important developments in history. • Renaissance and Reformation thinkers and artists supported the individual. • Native Americans built a network of trade routes. • Explorers and mercantilism brought the world closer together. • People during the Enlightenment developed ideas about freedom and democracy. A..D..500 A..D.1350.1350 A..D..1400 A..D.1450.1450 RRenaissanceenaissance andand c. A.D.1350 c. A.D. 1440 ReRefformationormation Renaissance Johannes begins in Gutenberg uses Chapters 7 & 8 Gutenberg Italy Bible movable type in printing press The c. A.D. 500 A.D.1325 c. A.D. 1400 c. A.D. 1438 Americas Mayan cities Aztec build Aztec Empire Pachacuti flourish in Tenochtitlán reaches its begins to Cha r 9 pte Mesoamerica height build the Inca Aztec home life Empire TheThe AgeAge ofof A.D. 1406 A.D.1420 Exploration Exploration Ptolemy’s Portugal begins Chapter 10 Geography is mapping Early compass discovered by Africa’s coast Europeans TheThe AgeAge ofof 1473 Enlightenment Enlightenment Copernicus is born Chapter 11 Nicolaus Copernicus 376 (l)Cott Nero DIV f.25v Portrait of St. Matthew/British Library, London/Bridgeman Art Library, (tr)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (br)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection 180° 0 1,000 mi. N 0 1,000 km N Chapters Mercator projection W E ° 7, 8, 1111 W E 60 N S S Caspian ASIA EUROPE Sea Black Sea Chapters 7, 8, 11 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Hudson Bay NORTH AFRICA AMERICA ° M 0 ° ° ° is 0 60 E120E s is s PACIFIC i p N p i OCEAN R . 0 1,000 mi. Gulf of Chapter W E Mexico 0 1,000 km 0 1,000 mi. Mercator projection 60°N S Caribbean Sea Hudson 10 Bay 0 1,000 km Mercator projection NORTH EQUATOR mazon R. A AMERICA Caspian Sea ASIA M EUROPE is s ATLANTIC i s Black Sea He s g i n p OCEAN a SOUTH p Hu i s R u R Persian d . ChapterChapter . n AMERICA Gulf I ng Jiang Gulf of ha Mexico C 99 South Caribbean Sea AFRICA Arabian Bay of China Sea PACIFIC Sea Bengal OCEAN SOUTH EQUATOR 0° INDIAN 120°W 60°W AMERICA OCEAN 120°W 60°W 0° 60°E 120°E A..D..1500 A..D.1550.1550 A..D..1600 A..D.1650.1650 A..D.1700.1700 A.D. 1508 A.D.1517 A.D.1594 A.D.1648 Michelangelo Martin Luther Shakespeare Thirty Years’ paints Sistine writes Ninety- publishes War ends Chapel ceiling Five Theses first play William Shakespeare A.D.1521 A.D.1533 A.D. 1600 Cortés defeats Pizarro Spain reaches height the Aztec conquers of colonial power the Inca Spanish armor A.D.1518 A.D. 1588 A.D.1609 First enslaved England defeats Henry Hudson Africans brought the Spanish explores north- to Americas Armada east shore of North America A.D. 1543 A.D.1632 A.D.1690 Copernicus Galileo publishes John Locke presents a new his ideas on develops theory view of the Galileo’s astronomy of government telescope universe (t)Pierre Belzeaux/Photo Researchers, (c)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, (l)Nik Wheeler 1 Sistine Chapel NORTH See The Renaissance AMERICA Chapter 7 Atlantic 2 Wittenberg Ocean See The Reformation Pacific Ocean Chapter 8 SOUTH AMERICA 3 A.D. 1452–1519 A.D. 1483–1546 Ruled A.D. 1438–1471 Italian artist German Protestant A.D. 1485–1547 Inca ruler and scientist leader Spanish conqueror Chapter 9, page 463 Chapter 7, page 396 Chapter 8, page 427 Chapter 9, page 475 378 566–567 ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved, (t)Jeremy Horner/Getty Images, (c)David Hiser/Getty Images, (bl)The Art Archive/Museo Pedro de Osma Lima/Mireille Vautier, (bcl)Timothy McCarthy/Art Resource, NY, (bcr)SuperStock, (br)The Art Archive/National History Museum Mexico City/Dagli Orti 3 Machu Picchu See The Americas Chapter 9 ASIA 2 EUROPE 4 Portuguese lighthouse 5 1 4 See The Age of Exploration Chapter 10 5 Versailles AFRICA Indian Ocean See The Age of Enlight- enment Chapter 11 A.D. 1632–1704 A.D. 1642–1727 A.D. 1519–1589 Ruled A.D. 1558–1603 English political English French queen English queen thinker mathematician Chapter 8, page 438 Chapter 10, page 496 Chapter 11, page 527 Chapter 11, page 521 379 (t to b)SuperStock,(t to Dave b)Brian G. Houser/CORBIS, Lawrence/SuperStock, Buddy Richard Mays/CORBIS, T. Nowitz/CORBIS, (l to r)Victoria Nabeel & Albert Turner/Getty Museum, Images,London/Art (l to Resource, r)Scala/Art NY, Resource, National NY, Portrait Scala/ Gallery,Art Resource, London/SuperStock, NY, Earl & Nazima National Kowall/CORBIS, Portrait Gallery, Bettmann/CORBIS London, North Wind Picture Archives The 604–605 Bill Ross/CORBIS Renaissance The Duomo, or Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, in Florence, Italy 1300 1400 1500 1600 c. 1350 c. 1455 1512 1594 Renaissance Gutenberg uses Michelangelo Shakespeare begins in printing press to finishes Sistine publishes Italy print the Bible Chapel ceiling first play Chapter Overview Visit ca.hss.glencoe.com for a preview of Chapter 7. The Renaissance Begins Exploration and trade spread ideas and goods. The Italian city-states grew wealthy through trade. This wealth led to new values and new art. New Ideas and Literature Studying the past helps to understand the present. Renaissance thinkers looked to the ancient Greeks and Romans to develop a new way of understanding the world. Renaissance thinking influenced many aspects of society, including art and literature, and is still important today. Renaissance Art The interaction of different societies brings about the development of new ideas, art, and technology. The Italian artists developed Renaissance ideas of art and architecture and spread their ideas to northern Europe. View the Chapter 7 video in the Glencoe Video Program. Categorizing Information Make the following foldable to organize information about the ideas and creative works of the Renaissance. Step 1 Collect two sheets Step 2 Fold the bottom edges Reading and Writing of paper and place them of the paper to form four tabs. As you read, use your about one inch apart. foldable to write down important concepts and events that occurred This makes all the tabs the during the Renaissance. Keep the same size. Write facts on each edges appropriate tab. straight. Step 3 When all the tabs are the same size, crease the paper to hold The Renaissance Staple the tabs in place and staple the sheets The Renaissance Begins along the together. Turn the paper and label New Ideas and Literature fold. each tab as shown. Renaissance Art 381 Questioning Asking questions helps you to understand what you read. As you read think about the questions you would like answered. Often you can find the answer in the next paragraph or section. Learn to ask good questions by asking who, what, when, where, why, and how about the main ideas, people, places, and events. Read the passage below and the highlighted questions. What subjects had the Greeks and Romans studied that became of interest again? In some ways the Renaissance was a rebirth of interest in the same subjects the What was Greeks and Romans had studied. After the the Black Death, and horrible years of the Black Death, how long did Europeans began looking to the past when it last? What do you times seemed better. They wanted to learn already know how to make their own society better. about it? — from page 385 How did Europeans think they could improve society? As you read, turn head- ings into questions. 382 Read the paragraph below about Renaissance art, and then read the directions that follow. Read to Write Write a What If paragraph based on what you read in this Musee du Louvre, Paris/Giraudon, Paris/SuperStock During the Renaissance, wealthy chapter. For example, Italian families and church leaders what if the Renaissance had not spread outside paid artists to create paintings, of Italy? Your sculptures, and buildings for display paragraph should answer your What If throughout their cities. The pope question. himself funded many works of art to decorate the Vatican. Renaissance artists followed the models of the ancient Romans and Greeks but expressed humanist ideas. — from page 409 Practice using the question words: who, what, where, when, why, and how. Make a chart like the one below. Using each question word in the first column, ask a question about the paragraph above. Then reread the section to find the answers. Question Answer Who What Where Painting by Jan van Eyck When Why How Read the text in Section 2 about Renaissance humanism. Write four questions about the passage. Share your questions with another student and discuss possible answers. 383 The Renaissance Begins Looking Back, Looking Ahead Meeting People Previously, you learned about life Marco Polo (MAHR•koh POH•loh) History in medieval Europe. In this section, Medici (MEH•duh•chee) Social Science you will learn why Europeans Niccolò Machiavelli (NEE•koh•LOH Standards became interested in art and learning MA•kee•uh•VEH•lee) WH7.8 Students as they left the Middle Ages behind. analyze the origins, accomplishments, and Content Vocabulary geographic diffusion of Focusing on the Renaissance (REH•nuh•SAHNS) the Renaissance. • The wealthy urban society of the secular (SEH•kyuh•luhr) Italian city-states brought a rebirth of doge (DOHJ) learning and art to Europe. (page 385) diplomacy (duh•PLOH•muh•see) • Italy’s location helped its city-states grow wealthy from trade and banking, Academic Vocabulary but many of the cities fell under the network (NEHT•WUHRK) control of strong rulers.