NEW ZEALAND GUIDELINES ON AUDITORY PROCESSING DISORDER 2019 Published by the New Zealand Audiological Society, 2019. Citation: Keith, W. J., Purdy, S. C., Baily, M. R., & Kay, F. M. (2019). New Zealand Guidelines on Auditory Processing Disorder. New Zealand Audiological Society. https://www.audiology.org.nz/ This document is located on the New Zealand Audiological Society website under Menu/For the Public/Other Hearing Conditions/Auditory Processing Disorder or can be downloaded from the following link. NZ APD GUIDELINES 2019 All rights reserved. This document may be freely reproduced for clinical, educational and not-for- profit purposes. No other reproduction is allowed without the written permission of the New Zealand Audiological Society. Disclaimer: While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the content of these guidelines, neither the authors, reviewers nor the New Zealand Audiological Society accept any liability with respect to loss, damage, injury or expense arising from any errors or omissions in the contents of this work. New Zealand Guidelines on Auditory Processing Disorder CONTENTS CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................................1 LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................................................................................................3 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... 7 PURPOSE OF GUIDELINES .................................................................................................................... 9 AUTHORSHIP AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... 10 Auditory Processing Disorder Reference Group ......................................................................................10 Auditory Processing Disorder Reference Group members ...........................................................................10 Author sub-committee ...................................................................................................................................10 International peer reviewers .........................................................................................................................10 Methodology .....................................................................................................................................................11 Methods .........................................................................................................................................................11 Recommendations .........................................................................................................................................11 Applicability of recommended tools ..............................................................................................................11 Reviewer and stakeholder input .....................................................................................................................11 Risks and side effects ....................................................................................................................................11 Editorial independence and funding ..............................................................................................................12 Methodological quality ...................................................................................................................................12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... 13 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 15 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................ 19 Definition of auditory processing disorder .......................................................................................19 Nature of auditory processing disorder .....................................................................................................19 Causes .............................................................................................................................................................. 20 Prevalence ........................................................................................................................................................ 21 Behavioural manifestations ......................................................................................................................... 21 Comorbidities .................................................................................................................................................. 23 ADHD .............................................................................................................................................................24 Speech, language and reading impairment, dyslexia .....................................................................................24 Visual processing disorder ............................................................................................................................25 ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................................................................27 Screening and identification for referral ................................................................................................... 27 New Zealand Guidelines on Auditory Processing Disorder CONTENTS Pre-assessment information gathering and case history ..................................................................... 29 Preliminary information ...................................................................................................................................29 Case history ...................................................................................................................................................30 Direct observation ..........................................................................................................................................30 Assessment of related developmental capacities .................................................................................. 31 Cognition and language .................................................................................................................................31 Attention and memory ....................................................................................................................................32 Vision .............................................................................................................................................................32 Interpretation ..................................................................................................................................................32 Preliminary hearing assessment ................................................................................................................ 34 Auditory processing tests ............................................................................................................................. 35 Test battery versus hierarchical approach .....................................................................................................36 Test validation ................................................................................................................................................36 Dichotic tests .................................................................................................................................................37 Pitch pattern tests ..........................................................................................................................................37 Memory tests .................................................................................................................................................38 Rationale for test selection ............................................................................................................................38 Published test batteries .................................................................................................................................38 Suggested test battery ..................................................................................................................................39 Auditory evoked potentials .............................................................................................................................40 Acoustic reflexes ............................................................................................................................................40 Review of tests ...............................................................................................................................................41 Diagnostic criteria 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