The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was estab­ lished in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collabora­ tive research be1\\een Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has a special research competence. Where trade names are used this does not constitute endorsement of nor discrimina­ tion against any product by the Centre. ACIAR PROCEEDINGS SERIES This series of publications includes the full proceedings of research work­ shops or symposia organised or supported by ACIAR. Numbers in this series are distributed internationally to selected individuals and scientific insti­ tutions. Previous numbers in the series are listed on the inside back cover. © Australian Centre for J nternational Agricultural Research G.P.O. Box 1571, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 CopIand, J. W. 1985. Draught animal power for production: proceedings of an international workshop held at James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia, 10-16 July 1985. AClAR Proceedings Series No. 10, 170 p. ISBN 0 949511 17 X Photos: Cover, p. 35,161, Palitha Hadunge; p. 11, 121, 147, M. Wanapat; p. 57, 99, Colin McCoo!. Draught Animal Power For Production Proceedings of an international workshop held at James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia 10-16 July 1985 Editor: J. W. Copland Organising Committee: R. S. F. Campbell, Chairman, J.C.u. J. P. Hogan, Secretary, C.S.I.R.O. K. W. Entwistle, J.c.u. D. Hoffmann, Q.D.P.1. R. M. Murray, J.C.u. E. Teleni, J.C.u. Contents Foreword R. S. F. CampbeIJ and J. P. Hogan 5 Recommendations 7 Socioeconomics of Draught Power Socioeconomic aspects of draught animal power in Southeast Asia, with special reference to Java R. J. Petheram, Ashari Thahar. R. H~ Bernsten 13 Draught animal power-socioeconomic factors N. S. Ramaswamy 20 Draught animal power systems in sub-Saharan Africa: their production impact and research needs Frank M. Anderson 26 Research on Chinese yellow cattle used for draught in the People's Republic of China Wang Minh Qiang 32 Physiology of Work Conflicting requirements of exercise and heat stress for blood flow distribution in domestic animals A. W. Bell and J. R. S. Hales 37 Changes in body temperature and working efficiency of Thai swamp buffalo P. Bunyavejchewin, P. Veerasit. P. Chaidirek and C. Chantalakhana 46 Physiological changes associated with work: some lessons from the horse R. Anne Pearson 51 Nutrition for Draught Power A review of the nutrient requirements of draught oxen Peter R. Lawrcnce 59 Nutrition of draught animals with special reference to Indonesia A. Bamualim and Kartiarso 64 Muscle metabolism and nutrition in working ruminants R. A. Leng 69 Some considerations of voluntary feed consumption and digestion in relation to work R. H. Weston 78 Nutritional status of draught animals in Sri Lanka M. N. M. Ibrahim 84 Nutritional status of draught buffaloes and cattle in Northeast Thailand M. Wanapat 90 Relevance of the British metabolisable energy system to the feeding of draught animals N. McC. Graham 96 3 Contents Foreword R. S. F. Campbell and J. P. Hogan 5 Recommendations 7 Socioeconomics of Draught Power Socioeconomic aspects of draught animal power in Southeast Asia, with special reference to Java R. J. Petheram, Ashari Thahar, R. Hol Bernsten I3 Draught animal power-socioeconomic factors N. S. Ramaswamy 20 Draught animal power systems in sub-Saharan Africa: their production impact and research needs Frank M. Anderson 26 Research on Chinese yellow cattle used for draught in the People's Republic of China Wang Minh Qiang 32 Physiology of Work Conflicting requirements of exercise and heat stress for blood flow distribution in domestic animals A. W. Bell and J. R. S. Hales 37 Changes in body temperature and working efficiency of Thai swamp buffalo P. Bunyavejchewin, P. Veerasit, P. Chaidirek and C. Chantalakhana 46 Physiological changes associated with work: some lessons from the horse R. Anne Pearson 51 Nutrition for Draught Power A review of the nutrient requirements of draught oxen Peler R. Lawrence 59 Nutrition of draught animals with special reference to Indonesia A. Bamualim and Kartiarso 64 Muscle metabolism and nutrition in working ruminants R. A. Leng 69 Some considerations of voluntary feed consumption and digestion in relation to work R. H. Weston 78 Nutritional status of draught animals in Sri Lanka M. N. M. Ibrahim 84 Nutritional status of draught buffaloes and cattle in Northeast Thailand M. Wanapat 90 Relevance of the British metabolisable energy system to the feeding of draught animals N. McC. Graham 96 3 Genetics and Animal Breeding Breeding improvement of draught buffalo and cattle for small farms C. Chantalakhana 101 Genetic requirements for draught cattle: experience in Africa Paul Starkey 109 Genetic improvement of buffalo for draught purposes J. E. Vercoe, J. E. Frisch, B. A. Young, I. L. Bennett 11 S Reproduction and Health Reproduction in draught animals V. G. Momongan 123 Reproduction in draught animals: does work affect female fertility? M. R. Jainudeen 130 A multidisciplinary approach to health and disease in draught ruminants D. Hofrmann and R. J. Dalgliesh 134 Review of diseases in Indonesia affecting draught power in domestic animals S. Partoutomo, P. Ronohardjo, A. J. Wilson, P. Stevenson 140 Engineering Systems for Draught Power Engineering problems in the measurement of draught animal performance R. H. Macmillan 149 Engineering and draught animal power B. S. Pathak I S6 Other Presentations Draught animal power: project considerations-a synopsis G. Donovan 163 Draught animal power in Bangladesh: an appraisal A. M. M. Tareque 165 Participants 167 4 Foreword The Graduate School of Tropical Veterinary Science of James Cook University was asked by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) to host this workshop on Draught Animal Power for Production. It is significant that the workshop was held in the tropical northeastern seaboard of Australia close to the nations of the South Pacific and South and Southeast Asia. These areas contain most of the large ruminants of the world and a major propor­ tion of the draught animals. As well, scientists in Australia and the region already have strong links in research and development in the Asian countries. The participants were constantly mindful that the purpose of the workshop was to find ways, through research, to increase production: production of animals, pro­ duction of food crops, and production of wealth for the small farmer. The Rec­ ommendations section, we believe, reflects well on the hard work of all participants. It is to be hoped that many of these recommendations can be taken up and pursued with vigour. In many Third World countries, a large part of the population depends on the draught animal as a source of power for the production and distribution of food. As populations increase and the land available per family decreases, the draught animal will assume even greater importance in many areas. The draught animals represent an additional source of income for the farmer through their use for hire and haulage. However, the work output of draught animals may be limited because of poor nutrition, disease, or poorly designed harness and equipment. Furthermore the animal population is often smaller than desirable because of problems involving economics, genetics, and reproduction. ACIAR was prompted, therefore, to invite .Tames Cook University to organise this workshop to establish priorities for possible future research support in this area. The organising committee included representatives from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), and the Queensland Department of Primary Industries. The development of the program, identification of participants, and the organisation of the wQrkshop became a joint responsibility of the three participating institutions. Draught animals are an integral part of agricultural systems throughout many parts of the world. Despite their importance to agricultural production, particularly in developing countries, there is still a serious lack of reliable information on such factors as the importance of breeds, nutrition, disease, reproductive status, harness/ equipment design, and their socioeconomic impact in agricultural production sys­ tems. AClAR has received a number of requests from neighbouring countries for assistance in developing research programs on draught power. This workshop was organised to bring researchers from a number of countries with expertise in the problems of draught animal power into contact with Australian researchers who may be able to contribute to the solution of these problems. Recommendations from the workshop identifying priority areas for research in these areas are included elsewhere in this publication. The success of the workshop was due in no small way to the hard work and quiet efficiency of a number of people. Members of the organising committee worked 5 hard throughout the course of the discussions, and were assisted by support staff as follows: from James Cook University, Alison Healing, Phyl Medlen, Tony Boniface; from CSIRO, Margaret Allan; from ACIAR, Or P. Mahadevan and Sylvia Hibberd. We are grateful to Reg MacIntyre of ACIAR for his role in the editing and pro­ duction of this publication. We hope that the workshop, and this publication, will stimulate the necessary interest in, and support for, research into draught animal power in developing countries. !" R. S. F. Campbell, Head J. P. Hogan, Asst Chief Graduate School of Tropical CSIRO Division of Tropical Veterinary Science, J.c.u. Animal Science Townsville, Qld. Aikenvale, Qld. / 6 Recommendations 1. General (i) There is a need to collect data on the effects of sociological structure, agronomic methods, physiology. nutrition, types of livestock, manage­ ment, disease and engineering design on the efficiency of draught animal systems (DAS). (ii) Data should be circulated more widely and rapidly by an international communications network linking Australia and countries dependent on draught animal power (DAP).