The Volume III CRC MARINE BIOLOGY SERIES The late Peter L. Lutz, Founding Editor David H. Evans, Series Editor PUBLISHED TITLES Biology of Marine Birds E.A. Schreiber and Joanna Burger Biology of the Spotted Seatrout Stephen A. Bortone The Biology of Sea Turtles, Volume II Peter L. Lutz, John A. Musick, and Jeanette Wyneken Early Stages of Atlantic Fishes: An Identification Guide for the Western Central North Atlantic William J. Richards The Physiology of Fishes, Third Edition David H. Evans and James B. Claiborne Biology of the Southern Ocean, Second Edition George A. Knox Biology of the Three-Spined Stickleback Sara Östlund-Nilsson, Ian Mayer, and Felicity Anne Huntingford Biology and Management of the World Tarpon and Bonefish Fisheries Jerald S. Ault Methods in Reproductive Aquaculture: Marine and Freshwater Species Elsa Cabrita, Vanesa Robles, and Paz Herráez Sharks and Their Relatives II: Biodiversity, Adaptive Physiology, and Conservation Jeffrety C. Carrier, John A. Musick, and Michael R. Heithaus Artificial Reefs in Fisheries Management Stephen A. Bortone, Frederico Pereira Brandini, Gianna Fabi, and Shinya Otake Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives, Second Edition Jeffrey C. Carrier, John A. Musick, and Michael R. Heithaus The Biology of Sea Turtles, Volume III Jeanette Wyneken, Kenneth J. Lohmann, and John A. Musick The Volume III Edited by Jeanette Wyneken Kenneth J. Lohmann John A. Musick Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Cover credits: Front cover: Leatherback diving. Back cover: Loggerhead at reef. Photos copyright Jim Abernethy. Used with permission. All rights reserved. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com This book is dedicated to the memory of founding editor, Peter L. Lutz, who valued good science and reminded us to “Fight the Good Fight!” Contents Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................xi Editors ............................................................................................................................................ xiii Contributors .....................................................................................................................................xv Chapter 1 Physiology as Integrated Systems ................................................................................1 Amanda Southwood Williard Chapter 2 Vision ......................................................................................................................... 31 Kerstin A. Fritsches and Eric J. Warrant Chapter 3 Natal Homing and Imprinting in Sea Turtles .............................................................59 Kenneth J. Lohmann, Catherine M.F. Lohmann, J. Roger Brothers, and Nathan F. Putman Chapter 4 The Skeleton: An In Vivo View of Structure .............................................................79 Jeanette Wyneken Chapter 5 Age and Age Estimation in Sea Turtles .....................................................................97 Larisa Avens and Melissa L. Snover Chapter 6 Molecular Genetics of Sea Turtles ........................................................................... 135 Michael P. Jensen, Nancy N. FitzSimmons, and Peter H. Dutton Chapter 7 Oceanic Habits and Habitats: Dermochelys coriacea .............................................. 163 Vincent S. Saba Chapter 8 Oceanic Habits and Habitats: Caretta caretta .......................................................... 189 Katherine L. Mansfield and Nathan F. Putman Chapter 9 Feeding Biology: Advances from Field-Based Observations, Physiological Studies, and Molecular Techniques ................................................... 211 T. Todd Jones and Jeffrey A. Seminoff Chapter 10 Predators, Prey, and the Ecological Roles of Sea Turtles ........................................249 Michael R. Heithaus vii viii Contents Chapter 11 Exposure to and Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants ........................................285 Jennifer M. Keller Chapter 12 Fisheries Bycatch of Marine Turtles: Lessons Learned from Decades of Research and Conservation .................................................................................. 329 Rebecca Lewison, Bryan Wallace, Joanna Alfaro-Shigueto, Jeffrey C. Mangel, Sara M. Maxwell, and Elliott L. Hazen Chapter 13 Climate Change and Marine Turtles ........................................................................ 353 Mark Hamann, Mariana M.P.B. Fuentes, Natalie C. Ban, and Véronique J.L. Mocellin Chapter 14 Free-Ranging Sea Turtle Health ............................................................................... 379 Mark Flint Chapter 15 Sea Turtle Epibiosis ..................................................................................................399 Michael G. Frick and Joseph B. Pfaller Chapter 16 Parasites of Marine Turtles ...................................................................................... 427 Ellis C. Greiner Preface Since the rst volume of The Biology of Sea Turtles was published in 1997, the eld has grown and matured in ways few of the authors would have predicted. Volume III provides an updated view of several elds covered in that original volume and brings together the best in the eld to develop a comprehensive go-to resource. There have been signicant advances in physiology, foraging, genetics, and health. Life history is now partitioned into three chapters, covering age determination, predator–prey interactions, and mortality from a major source, bycatch. Several new areas have emerged and grown since the original volume was conceived. These include in vivo imaging of structure, spatial distributions of marine turtles at sea, epibiosis, and climatic effects. Two chapters, imprinting and parasitology, bring forward areas that we identied as a need. This volume, like its predecessors, grew from the many collegial discussions with the participants of the annual International Sea Turtle Society Symposium (formerly the Workshops on Sea Turtle Biology and Conservation). Sadly, as discussions for this third volume were taking place, our lead editor, Peter L. Lutz, passed away. We introduce Kenneth Lohmann as our third editor who helped to guide this volume. Jeanette Wyneken Kenneth J. Lohmann John A. (Jack) Musick Boca Raton, Florida ix Acknowledgments The book was made possible because of the hard work and wealth of knowledge offered by the contributors. We thank the seless external reviewers for careful reading and constructive criticisms and suggestions. Their perspectives have made this book far better than we could have otherwise expected. We thank our editors at CRC Press, John Sulzycki and David Fausel, for their guidance throughout the process. The cover photos for this book were taken by Jim Abernethy (www.jimabernethyimagery.com). His view of sea turtles merges art with science and reminds us how important it is to learn about the lives of these animals where they live—at sea. xi Editors Jeanette Wyneken, PhD, is an associate professor of biological sciences at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton. She received her BA from Illinois Wesleyan University in 1978 and her PhD in biology from the University of Illinois in 1988. She was a research associate at the University