Notes Full bibliographical details are given the first time any book is mentioned. Thereafter an abbreviated title is given. Introduction 1. For a summary survey of research on anti-Semitism see R. Rtirup, 'Zur Entwicklung der modemen Antisemitismusforschung' (1969), repr. in R. Rtirup, Eman;:;ipation und Antisemitismus (Gottingen, 1975) pp. 115-25. 2. It is a strange paradox that the anti-Semitic charge that Jews could never escape their identity as Jews, and could never become loyal citizens ofJudaic persuasion, reappears as Jewish myth in etiologies ofjewish history, which is often described as unique with reference to Numbers XXIII, 9, where jews are described as 'a people that dwells alone'. Cf. for example Y. Herzog, A People That Dwells Alone (London, 1975) p. 175. 3. R. Rtirup, 'Die "Judenfrage" der btirgerlichen Gesellschaft und die Entstehung des modemen Antisemitismus' (1974), and T. Nipperdey and R. Rtirup, 'Antisemitismus- Entstehung, Funktion und Geschichte eines Begriffs' (1972), both repr. in R. Rtirup, Eman;:;ipation und Antisemitismus, pp. 74--114. While I share Rtirup's qualitative definition of anti-Semitism, I do not agree with his opinion that it was a distinctive phenomenon of the 1870s. The reactionary demand for an 'emancipation from Jewry' is already expressed in J. G. Fichte, Beitrag ;:;ur Berichtigung der Urteile des Publikums iiberdieFran;:;osische Revolution (1793), in the 'Hep! Hep!' movement of 1819, and in early valkisch writings. Cf. C. Abramsky, 'A people that shall dwell alone', New Tork Review of Books, XXI (December 1974) pp. 22--4. 4. For a more general definition, cf. A. Silbermann, 'Zur Soziologie des Antisemitismus', Psyche, XVI, pp. 252-3. 5. Cf. M. v. Brentano, 'Die Endlt>sung- ihre Funktion in Theorie und Praxis des Faschismus', in H. Huss and A. Schroder (ed.), Antisemitismus (Frankfurt, 1965) pp. 40-1, 48-51. 6. H. Rosenberg, Grosse Depression und Bismarck;:;eit (Berlin, 1972) pp. 88-117. 7. For the emergence of political anti-Semitism, cf. R. S. Levy, The Downfall of the Anti-Semitic Political Parties in Imperial Germany (New Haven, 1975). P. Massing, Vorgeschichte des politischen Antisemitismus (Frankfurt, 1959). P. G. Pulzer, The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria (New York, 1964). 178 Notes 179 8. For a summary survey of 19th-century racialism, cf. M.D. Biddis, 'Racial Ideas and the Politics of Prejudice 1850-1914', Historical Journal, XV ( 1972) pp. 570-82 and L. L. Snyder, The Idea of Racialism (Princeton, 1962). For the reception of H. S. Chamberlain in England see C. Holmes, 'Houston Stewart Chamberlain in Great Britain', Wiener Library Bulletin, XXIV, nr 2, n.s. nr 19 (1970) pp. 31--6, and L. Poliakov, The Aryan Myth (London, 1974) pp. 318-20. 9. Karl Pearson, in his anti-Semitism not representative for the British Eugenics Society, asked for a restriction of alien immigration on grounds of safeguarding a 'superior breed of men'. Cf. K. Pearson and M. Moul, 'The Problem of Alien Immigration into Great Britain, Illustrated by an Examination of Russian and Polish Jewish Children', Annals of Eugenics, I (October 1925) pp. 5-127. 10. For a history ofJews in medieval and early modem England see C. Roth, History of the Jews in England, 3rd edn (Oxford, 1964). II. U. R. Q. Henriques, 'The Jewish Emancipation Controversy in 19th Century Britain', Past and Present, XL (July 1968) pp. 126-46, suggests that British society tends to compel ethnic minorities to abandon their religious and cultural identity in exchange for political and social equality. It seems to me that Anglo-Jewry assimilated less because of the pressure from the host society than because its assimilated lay leadership provided a catching example of successful integration into Gentile society. 12. For the emancipation ofJews in England, cf. H. S. Q. Henriques, The Jews and the English Law (Oxford, 1968). V. D. Lipman, 'The Age of Emancipa­ tion', in V. D. Lipman (ed.), Three Centuries of Anglo-Jewish History (Cambridge, 1961) pp. 69-106. 13. H. Katz, 'The Party Loyalties of European Jews' and 0. Seliktar, 'The Political Attitudes and Behaviour of British Jews', Jewish Political Behaviour (Survey Research Centre University ofStrathclyde, Glasgow, 1974) argue that Jewish political behaviour is determined more bythedegreeofreligious observance than by class and social status, with a marked preference for Conservatism among orthodox Jews irrespective of their social composition. This does not seem to be consistent with the observation that lower-class immigrants from Russia who entered Britain after 1880 combined strong Labour-bias with religiosity. Correspondingly, Jewish radicals wrote for Jewish workers in Yiddish and refrained from an anti-religious campaign. 14. Cf. V. D. Lipman, Social History of the Jews in England 1850-1950 (London, 1954) pp. 85-103. Also A. Cohen, 'The Structure of Anglo-Jewry Today', in V. D. Lipman (ed.), Three Centuries, pp. 169--85. 15. W.J. Fishman, East End Jewish Radicals 187!r1914 (London, 1975). 16. Ahad Ha'am to Prof. Klausner, 1908, quoted in A. Cohen, 'The Structure of Anglo-Jewry Today' in V. D. Lipman (ed.), Three Centuries, p. 174. 17. Jewish Chronicle 12 August 1881, quoted in W. J. Fishman, East End Jewish Radicals, pp. 67--8. A currently conducted research project on the sociology of Sheffield Jewry by the Board of Deputies suggests that there was a high intermarriage-rate between new immigrants and daughters of established Jewish families, which indicates that the resentment against the immigrants soon diminished. 18. On the anti-alien agitation see B. Gainer, The Alien Invasion (London, 1972); 180 Political anti-Semitism in England 1918-1939 J. A. Garrard, The English and Immigration (London, 1971); L. P. Gartner, The Jewish Immigrant in England 1807-1914 (London, 1960). 19. J. H. Richardson, From City to Fleet Street (London, 1927) pp. 216-17 suggests that the Metropolitan Police feared anti-Semitic riots in this context. 20. J. Banister, England Under the Jews (London, 1901) p. 10. 21. ibid., p. 39. 22. W. S. Churchill to D. LloydGeorge,26December 1918,quotedinM.Gilbert, WinstonS.Churchill, IV, 1917-1922 (London, 1975) pp.l76-7. 23. J. H. Hertz, Anti-Semitism (7 October 1922, Central Synagogue Pulpit nr 8) pp. 7-8. 24. Board ofDeputies of British] ews, The New Anti-Semitism (London, 1921) p. 2. Chapter 1 The Myth of a Jewish World Conspiracy 1. The concept of a 'state within the state' was brought up against Huguenots in France around 1600 and transferred to jesuits, Freemasons and jews in the 18th century. The latter became a target when the question of Jewish identity and loyalty was raised in the context ofjewish emancipation. For a history of the slogan seeJ. Katz, 'A State Within A State', repr., in J. Katz, Emancipation and Assimilation (Westmead, 1972) pp. 47-76. 2. Hansard, 4th series, 1905, CIL. 155. 3. For precursors and a history of the Protocols seeN. Cohn, Warrant for Genocide (London, 1967), J. Gwyer, Portraits of Mean Men: A Short History of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (London, 1938), L. Wolf, The Jewish Bogey and the Forged Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion (London, 1920). 4. N. Cohn, Warrant for Genocide, pp. 103-7, concludes that the Protocols were fabricated some time between 1894 and 1899. De Waldeck, an emigre officer of the Russian Imperial Guard, maintains that General Orgewsky, a member of the secret police, had acquired a copy of the Protocols already in 1884 and passed it on to General Tcherevine, head of the Okhrana, who placed it in the archives. Rachkovsky, an agent of the Okhrana, later traced the pamphlet and handed a copy to Nilus who edited the Protocols for the first time. De Waldeck to the Paris Office of the Morning Post, 9 September 1921. Un­ cata1ogued MS Special File VII (Gwynne Papers). Although, as Cohn pointed out, the text of the forgery suggests the second half of the 1890s as their most probable time of origin, it seems not altogether unlikely that they were conceived already under Tsar Alexander III when the anti-Jewish agitation was much more intense than under his successor and when the Okhrana had just been set up and presumably used all its imagination to instigate anti-Jewish riots. 5. Parliamentary debate 14 February 1917, Hansard, 5th series, 1917, XC, 717. 6. Russia Nr 1, A Collection of Reports on Bolshevism in Russia, abridged edn of parliamentary paper (London, 1919) p. 67, Rev. B. S. Lombard to Curzon, 23 March 1919. 7. 'Russian Kaleidoscope. Orderly Elements Gaining the Ascendant. The Influence of the jews', Morning Post, 7 August 1917. 8. A. White, The Hidden Hand (London, 1917). 9. MS WHI 110 (White Papers): anonymous postcard to A. White cfo Grant Richards Ltd, 25 November 1918. Notes 181 10. PRO Cabinet papers, series 24, vol. 67 (thereafter CAB 24/67): Sir Basil Thomson, fortnightly report on pacifism and revolutionary organizations in the United Kingdom, and morale in France and Italy nr 24, 21 October 1918. 11. CAB 24/78: Political Intelligence Department Foreign Office, The Aims and Strategy of Bolshevism (Russia/023), 12 April 1919. Cf. R. H. Ullman, Intervention and the War (Princeton, 1961) and Britain and the Russian Civil War (Princeton, 1968). 12. CAB 24/78: B. Thomson, Report of revolutionary organizations in the United Kingdom nr 1, 30 Aprill919. 13. Ho"ors of Bolshevism, repr. from The Times, 14 November 1919 (London, n.d.) p. 1. Similarly The Facts about Bolshevism, compiled from the accounts of trustworthy eye-witnesses and the Russian press by C.E.B. (London, 1919). 14. Weeko/ Dispatch, 22 June 1919, quoted in M. Gilbert, Churchill IV, p. 903. 15. G. Pitt-Rivers, The World Significance of the Russian Revolution (Oxford, 1920) p.