hsus_te_ch02_na_s01_s.fm Page 34 Tuesday, May 15, 2007 9:45 AM ᮤ Francisco Vásquez de Coronado WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO Step-by-Step Cities of Gold In 1540, the Spanish explorer Francisco Vásquez SECTION Instruction de Coronado, along with 300 soldiers, set out to find Cibola, one of the fabled Seven Cities of Gold. Hoping to discover riches that equaled those SECTION found in Mexico, the expedition journeyed into Objectives the lands north of Mexico (the present-day U.S. As you teach this section, keep students Southwest). Instead of Cibola, the group found: focused on the following objectives to help “...a little, crowded village, looking as if it had them answer the Section Focus Question and been crumpled all up together. There are ranch master core content. houses in New Spain which make a better • Explain Spanish explorers’ achievements. appearance at a distance. It is a village of about 200warriors....” • Describe Spanish society in New Spain —Pedro de Casteneda, and Peru. The Journey of Coronado, 1596 • Evaluate the causes and effects of Spanish Disappointment turned to rage as Coronado’s imperial policies in the American Southwest. men searched the village for gold. When they found none, they attacked the village, defeating it in about an hour. Prepare to Read Background Knowledge L3 Spain’s Empire in the Americas Remind students of Spain’s successes in Central and South America in the early 1500s. Ask them to predict Objectives Why It Matters During the sixteenth century, the Spanish cre- whether Spanish expansion in the ated a great empire by conquering and colonizing the lands in the Americas would continue and how the • Explain Spanish explorers’ achievements. Caribbean as well as large portions of North and South America. This • Describe Spanish society in New Spain and colonizers would govern their new American empire was more than ten times larger than Spain and rich Peru. territories. in gold and silver. The potential for great wealth motivated other • Evaluate the causes and effects of Spanish European nations to join the quest for colonies in the Americas. Soon Set a Purpose L3 imperial policies in the American Southwest. rivalries emerged in the Americas as European empires vied for ½ territory. Section Focus Question: How did Spain strengthen its colonies WITNESS HISTORY Read the selec- Terms and People tion aloud, or play the audio. in the Americas? missionary mestizo Witness History Audio CD, presidio mission Cities of Gold viceroy Religious Divisions Cause Conflict Enriched by conquests in the Americas, Spain financed an Ask How does Casteneda show Reading Skill: Summarize Complete a aggressive military policy in Europe. This aggression alarmed the his disappointment? (Possible Dutch, French, and English, who sought their own share of the concept web to summarize how each item answer: He describes the village as riches in the Americas. These nations probed the coast of North strengthened the Spanish American Empire. crumpled and crowded.) What America, seeking places where they might establish their own colo- questions might historians ask nies. They also encouraged pirates to rob Spanish treasure ships. Missions Presidios as they read Casteneda’s account • • Religious divisions added to the conflict among nations in Europe. In of Coronado’s expedition? (Possi- • • 1517, a movement called the Protestant Reformation began in Ger- Spanish ble answer: What was Casteneda’s America many when a monk named Martin Luther challenged the authority of background, and how did he know Explorers Native the Catholic Church. Luther and other dissenters became known as • Americans Protestants because they protested against the power of the pope and what he claimed to know?) • • • against the Church, which they viewed as corrupt and materialistic. ½ Focus Point out the Section Focus Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this ques- tion as they read. (Answer appears with Section 1 Assessment answers.) Use the information below and the following resource to teach students the high-use words ½ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of from this section. Teaching Resources, Vocabulary Builder, p. 12 Terms and People. High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence ½ Using the Paragraph urban adj. relating or belonging to a city Shrinking strategy (TE, p. T20), During the 1400s, some urban areas in Europe became large trading centers. have students read this section. As they read, have students summarize tangible adj. solid; capable of being touched or understood how different factors strengthened Although people have long searched for artifacts, relatively little tangible the Spanish American empire. evidence exists from prehistoric cultures. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide 34 Europeans Establish Colonies hsus_te_ch02_na_s01_s.fm Page 35 Monday, April 12, 2004 10:43 AM Protestants favored the individual’s right to seek God by reading the Bible and by heeding ministers who delivered evangelical sermons. Without the unifying power of the pope, Protestants soon divided into many different denominations, Teach including Lutherans, Calvinists, Baptists, Anglicans, and Quakers. The Protestant movement spread throughout northern Europe, including the Religious Divisions Netherlands and England. The French divided into hostile Protestant and Catholic camps, but the Spanish remained Catholic. Indeed, Spanish monarchs Cause Conflict L3 led the Catholic effort to suppress Protestantism. Rival nations carried the con- flict across the Atlantic to their new colonies in the Americas. Instruct ½ What issues divided the nations of Europe during the 1500s? Introduce Have students preview the paragraphs about religion below the blue heading “Spain Organizes Spain Organizes Its American Empire Its American Empire.” Ask them Although the conquistadors were successful at conquering territory and whether the effects of the Protestant establishing colonies for Spain, they were not effective at running the colonies. Reformation are visible in North Under Spanish rule, Indians were enslaved and forced to labor on encomiendas, America today. large Spanish-owned plantations. They were also forced to mine for silver and ½ gold. They suffered harsh treatment and were often beaten or worked to death. Teach Ask How did Spain finance The Spanish king worried that the conquistadors killed too many Indians, its aggressive military policy in who might otherwise have become tax-paying subjects. Eager to stabilize the Europe during the sixteenth cen- new conquests, the king heeded priests such as Bartolomé de Las Casas, who urged tury? (partly from the wealth it the royal government to adopt laws protecting Indians. Catholic friars served as derived from its conquests in the missionaries—people who work to convert others to their religion. The friars aimed Americas) What was the Protes- to convert Indians to Christianity and to persuade them to adopt Spanish culture. Missionaries and Indians tant Reformation and when did it Although less brutal than the conquistadors, the friars demanded that the Soon after the Spanish conquest of a begin? (The Protestant Reformation, region, missionaries arrived to convert Indians surrender their traditions in favor of Christian beliefs and Spanish ways. which began in 1517, was a religious Indians to Christianity and to persuade The friars destroyed Indian temples and sacred images. Then, missionaries ordered them to adopt Spanish culture. In this movement that challenged the author- the Indians to build new churches and adopt the rituals of the Catholic faith. painting, friars and conquistadors ity and teachings of the Catholic The missionaries also forced Indians to work for them. The friars relied on Span- watch in approval as an Indian is Church.) Using the Numbered Heads ish soldiers who set up presidios, or forts, near the missions. baptized. strategy (TE, p. T23), ask students to discuss factors that might have influ- New Spain and Peru Established During the 1530s and 1540s, the Spanish Crown divided the American empire enced whether the Protestant Refor- into two immense regions, known as viceroyalties, each mation took root in particular states ruled by a viceroy appointed by the king. The viceroyalty of or regions of Europe. New Spain consisted of Mexico, Central America, and the ½ Analyzing the Visuals Have stu- Caribbean islands. The viceroyalty of Peru included all of dents examine the painting of the South America except Portuguese Brazil. To control the Indian baptism on this page. Ask viceroys, the Spanish Crown forced them to share power Which Indians might the Span- with a Crown-appointed council and an archbishop. The ish have attempted to convert Spanish did not permit elected assemblies in their colonies. first? (Possible answer: They prob- Society in Spain’s American Colonies During the six- ably sought to convert Indian leaders teenth century, about 250,000 Spanish people, mostly men, who exercised influence over the rest immigrated across the Atlantic to the American empire. The of the population.) male colonists generally took Indian wives. Children of mixed Spanish and Indian ancestry became known as mestizos. Independent Practice As the Native American population declined from diseases, Have students use library resources the mestizos became the largest segment of Spain’s colonial and school-approved Internet Web population by the eighteenth century. Next in proportion sites to find information about the were enslaved Africans, especially in