Thermal maturity of the Upper Triassic-Middle Jurassic Shemshak Group (Alborz Range, Northern Iran) based on organic petrography, geochemistry and basin modelling: implications for source rock evaluation and petroleum exploration. Ali Shekarifard, François Baudin, Kazem Seyed-Emami, Johann Schnyder, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Armelle Riboulleau, Marie-Françoise Brunet, Alireza Shahidi To cite this version: Ali Shekarifard, François Baudin, Kazem Seyed-Emami, Johann Schnyder, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, et al.. Thermal maturity of the Upper Triassic-Middle Jurassic Shemshak Group (Alborz Range, Northern Iran) based on organic petrography, geochemistry and basin modelling: implications for source rock evaluation and petroleum exploration.. Geological Magazine, Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2012, 149, pp.19-38. 10.1017/S0016756811000161. insu-00420242 HAL Id: insu-00420242 https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00420242 Submitted on 29 Sep 2009 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Thermal maturity of the Upper Triassic-Middle Jurassic 2 Shemshak Group (Alborz Range, Northern Iran) 3 based on organic petrography, geochemistry and basin modelling: 4 implications for source rock evaluation and petroleum exploration 5 6 Ali Shekarifard1,2, François Baudin1*, Kazem Seyed-Emami2, 7 Johann Schnyder1, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge3, Armelle Riboulleau4, 8 Marie-Françoise Brunet1, Alireza Shahidi1,5 9 10 11 1UPMC-Univ. Paris06 et CNRS, UMR 7193 ISTeP, Equipe Evolution et Modélisation des Bassins 12 Sédimentaires, case 117, 4, pl. Jussieu, F-75252 Paris cedex 05, France. 13 2 University College of Engineering, School of Mining Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 14 3 Université d’Orléans et CNRS, UMR 6113 ISTO, 1A rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France. 15 4Université Lille 1 et CNRS, UMR 8157 Géosystèmes, bâtiment SN5, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, 16 France. 17 5 Geological Survey of Iran, Azadi square, Meraj av., 13185-1494 Tehran, Iran. 18 19 * Corresponding author: [email protected] 20 21 22 Abstract 23 Organic petrography and geochemical analyses have been carried out on the shales, 24 carbonaceous shales and coals of the Shemshak Group (Upper Triassic-Middle Jurassic) from 25 fifteen localities along the Alborz Range of Northern Iran. Organic matter (OM) has been 26 investigated using Rock-Eval pyrolysis, elemental analysis of kerogen, vitrinite reflectance 27 (VRr) and Thermal Alteration Index (TAI). 28 Reflectance of autochthonous vitrinite varies from 0.6 to 2.2 % indicating thermally 29 early mature to over mature OM in the Shemshak Group, in agreement with other maturity 30 parameters used. The shales of the Shemshak Group are characterized by poor to moderate 31 residual organic carbon contents (0.25 to 8.5 %) and the presence of hydrogen-depleted OM, 32 predominantly as a consequence of petroleum generation and of oxidation of OM. According 33 to light-reflected microscopy results vitrinite/vitrinite-like macerals are dominant in the 34 kerogens concentrated from the shaly facies. The coals and carbonaceous shales of the 35 Shemshak Group show a wide range in organic carbon concentration (3.5 to 88.6 %) and 1 36 composition (inertinite- and vitrinite-rich types), and thereby different petroleum potentials. 37 Among the studied sections only the coals and carbonaceous shales of the Hive locality show 38 good residual petroleum potential and may still generate oil. 39 Thermal modelling results suggest that low to moderate paleo-heat flow, ranging from 40 47 to 79 mW.m-2 (57 mW.m-2 on average), affected the Central-Eastern Alborz. The 41 maximum temperature which induced OM maturation of the Shemshak Group seems to be 42 related to its deep burial rather than to a very strong heat flow related to an uppermost 43 Triassic-Liassic rifting. The interval of petroleum generation in the most deeply buried part of 44 the Shemshak Group (i.e., Tazareh section) corresponds to Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous 45 times. 46 Exhumation of the Alborz Range during Late Neogene time, especially along the axis 47 of the Central-Eastern Alborz, where maxima of VRr values are recorded, probably destroyed 48 possible petroleum accumulations. However on the northern flank of the Central-Eastern 49 Alborz, preservation of petroleum accumulations may be better. The northern part of the 50 basin therefore seems the best target for petroleum exploration. 51 52 Keywords: Thermal maturity; Organic petrography; Organic geochemistry; Basin modelling; 53 Triassic-Jurassic; Shemshak Group; Alborz basin; Iran 54 2 55 1. Introduction 56 After its detachment from Gondwana in Permian time, the Iran plate, as the central part 57 of the Cimmerian continent (Sengör, 1990), moved northward and finally collided with 58 Eurasia during Late Triassic, thereby closing the Palaeo-Tethys (Ricou, 1996; Dercourt et al., 59 1993; 2000; Stampfli et al., 2001; Kazmin, & Tikhonova., 2005). The resulting Eo- 60 Cimmerian orogeny formed an E-W mountain belt, the so-called Cimmerides (Sengör, 1990; 61 Sengör et al., 1998). The Alborz Range of Northern Iran itself results from the collision of 62 Arabia with Eurasia during the Neogene which caused uplift, folding and faulting (Stöcklin, 63 1974; Alavi, 1996; Zanchi et al., 2006; Guest et al., 2006, 2007). The thick siliciclastic- 64 dominated Shemshak Group (Upper Triassic to Middle Bajocian), with thicknesses up to 65 4000 m, is widely distributed in the Alborz (Fig. 1). 66 Commonly the Shemshak Group is regarded as the product of the erosion of the 67 Cimmerides, deposited in a foreland basin (Assereto, 1966; Seyed-Emami and Alavi-Naini, 68 1990; Alavi, 1996; Seyed-Emami 2003). Wilmsen et al. (2007) and Fürsich et al. (2009) 69 consider the Shemshak Group as the result of syn- and post-collisional processes of the Eo- 70 Cimmerian orogeny. According to these authors, the Shemshak Group represents an 71 underfilled to overfilled foreland basin, followed by an extensional phase from the Toarcian 72 to Bajocian times, resulting from the onset of the Neo-Tethyan back-arc rifting. The mid- 73 Bajocian (Mid-Cimmerian) event which usually marks the top of the Shemshak Group may 74 represent the break-up unconformity of this rifting event. However, Brunet et al. (2007) and 75 Shahidi (2008) interpret the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic tectonic subsidence which affected 76 the Central Alborz domain as the main phase of crustal thinning (= rifting) of the South 77 Caspian Basin and therefore the Alborz Range is regarded as its continental margin which is 78 now inverted. The Mid-Bajocian break-up is considered by these authors as the beginning of 79 thermal subsidence on the margin of the Alborz and the oceanisation of the South Caspian 80 Basin. 81 Rift related-basins show higher heat flow values (90-110 mW.m-2) than foreland basins 82 (40-80 mW.m-2; Allen and Allen, 2005). Thus reconstruction of paleo-heat flow using 83 thermal modelling may be a useful approach for a better understanding of the Shemshak 84 Basin tectonic setting. 85 In the present study we discuss the geochemical and petrographical characteristics of 86 organic matter (OM) of the shaly and coaly sediments from the Shemshak Group of Northern 87 Iran using microscopical observations and measurements as well as organic geochemical 3 88 analyses. In particular, one of our aims was to present the regional thermal maturity pattern of 89 the Shemshak Group in the Alborz based on vitrinite reflectance data. Vitrinite reflectance is 90 one of the most reliable methods which is widely used as indicator of thermal maturity of a 91 given basin (Tissot and Welte, 1984; Baudin et al., 1994; Hunt, 1995; Taylor et al., 1998). 92 Additionally, thermal maturity and burial history of the Shemshak Group was modelled at 93 four localities (pseudo-wells) using the commercial software Genex (Beicip-Franlab, 1995) to 94 handle temperature, maturity, petroleum expulsion as well as paleo-heat flow of the basin 95 through geological times. A subordinate goal of this study is to discuss the residual petroleum 96 potential of the Shemshak Group and to propose guidelines for petroleum exploration in the 97 future. 98 99 2. Description of the Shemshak Group and its organic-rich units 100 The Shemshak Group consists almost exclusively of fine- to coarse-grained siliciclastic 101 sediments that are accompanied by numerous coal seams and carbonaceous shales at different 102 stratigraphic levels. Its depositional palaeoenvironment includes fluvial, swamp and lake 103 systems, as well as shallow to deeper marine environments with local oxygen-deficient 104 conditions leading to the deposition of organic carbon-rich sediments (Stampfli, 1978; Rad, 105 1982, 1986; Baudin and Téhérani, 1991; Fürsich et al., 2005; Seyed-Emami et al., 2006; 106 Shekarifard et al., 2009; Fig. 2). 107 Organic carbon-rich sediments of the Shemshak Group have been classified into three 108 different units including Upper-Triassic shales (UTS), Toarcian-Aalenian shales (TAS) and 109 coals/carbonaceous shales (CCS). The two former units occur in the lower and upper part of 110 the Shemshak Group, respectively, whereas the CCS units occur at different stratigraphic 111 levels of the Shemshak Group from the base to the top. The UTS unit corresponds to the 112 Ekrasar and Laleband Formations in the Northern Alborz and to the Shahmirzad Formation in 113 the Central-Eastern Alborz (Fig. 2). The TAS unit belongs to the Fillzamin and Shirindasht 114 Formations in the Southern-Central Alborz, whereas it is not exposed in the Northern Alborz 115 due to lateral changes of facies (Fig.