Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1994 Colonial Natal, 1838 to 1880: The akM ing of a South African Settlementsystem. (Volumes I and II). Darrell Peter Kruger Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Kruger, Darrell Peter, "Colonial Natal, 1838 to 1880: The akM ing of a South African Settlementsystem. (Volumes I and II)." (1994). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5809. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5809 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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(Volumes I and II) Kruger, Darrell Peter, Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1994 Copyright ©1994 by Kruger, Darrell Peter. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. COLONIAL NATAL 1838 TO 1880: THE MAKING OF A SOUTH AFRICAN SETTLEMENT SYSTEM VOLUME 1 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Darrell Peter Kruger B.A. (Honors), University of Natal (Pietermaritzburg), 1988 M.A., Louisiana State University, 1990 August 1994 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Copyright 1994 Darrell Peter Kruger All rights reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DEDICATION For Natal, The land that I have come to love. There is a lovely road that runs from Ixopo into the hills. These hills are grass- covered and rolling, and they are lovely beyond any singing of it. The road climbs seven miles into them, to Carisbrooke; and from there, if there is no mist, you look down on one of the fairest valleys of Africa. About you there is grass and bracken and you may hear the forlorn crying of the titihoya, one of the birds of the veld. Below you is die valley of the Umzimkulu, on its journey from the Drakensberg to the sea; and beyond and behind them, the mountains of Ingeli and East Griqualand (Alan Paton, Cry the Beloved Country). Yes, it is the dawn that has come. The titihoya wakes from sleep, and goes about its work of forlorn crying. The sun tips with light the mountains of Ingeli and East Griqualand. The great valley of the Umzimkulu is still in darkness, but the light will come there. Ndotsheni is still in darkness, but the light will come there also. For it is the dawn that has come, as it has come for a thousand centuries, never failing. But when that dawn will come, of our emancipation, from the fear of bondage and the bondage of fear, why, that is a secret (Alan Paton, Cry the Beloved Country). Ill Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people have contributed in various ways to the fruition of this narrative that chronicles the making of a South African settlement system in nineteenth-century Natal. Dr. Sam B. Hilliard served as my major advisor (and friend) and was always willing to meet, discuss, and advise whenever I felt it necessary. I thank him for his advice during the preliminary, research, writing, and conclusion phases of this adventure. 1 have been privileged to work with an historical geographer of his stature from whom 1 have learnt much about the discipline as well as life. His wise insight during our lengthy conversations since my arrival at L.S.U. has shaped my thinking and philosophy in no small measure. I thank my other committee members including Dr. Miles Richardson, Dr. Carville V. Earle, Dr. Stanley Stevens, and Dr. William Davidson who have contributed in their own unique ways to my contribution. Dr. Richardson served as my minor professor and introduced me to philosophy through lectures and readings (particularly the Denial of Death) in his thought-provoking religion Anthropology courses. I thank Dr. Earle for challenging my thinking and ideas on South African historical geography— comments during our conversations challenged me to read, read, and continue reading. I thank Dr. Stevens for his constructive comments on the pastoralism section (in chapter 4), in particular. 1 also wish to gratefully acknowledge the thoughtful comments of Dr. Anne Mosher during the early stages of the research project. Financial support for the research was forthcoming from many quarters. First, I wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Department of Geography and IV Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Anthropology from 1991 to 1994 while I was a Graduate Assistant. I was also awarded a generous Robert C. West field-research grant that contributed to financing research in Natal from May 1991 until January 1992. The Human Sciences Research Council (H.S.R.C.) in South Africa awarded me a most generous two-year Doctoral Merit Bursary. I am grateful for this support— the views expressed in the dissertation are, however, mine and do not reflect those of the H.S.R.C. I also acknowledge the friendly and helpful staff at the Killie Campbell Africana Library in Durban, Natal for their interest, diligence, and co-operation while 1 researched at this location on the Berea that commanded such a wonderful view of the city. Moreover, when 1 needed additional materials while writing in the "Red Stick" they proved as good as their word in satisfying my long-winded requests for particular documents. My fellow graduate students provided valuable moral support during the years at L.S.U. I thank Ricky Samson, Scott Brady, Taylor Mack (The Honduran Trio), Eric Perramond, Rocky Sexton, Barry Keim, Dan Allen, and Linda Thorstad for their camaraderie. I also thank my parents and siblings for their support and interest in an endeavor that often times seemed "academic". As Natalians and South Africans they continue to contribute to shaping the place we inhabit. Thank you too, to Leonie whose perfect handiwork is visible in the tables. More importantly, thank you for your unflinching support, patience, and love. DPK Baton Rouge, July 1994 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. VOLUME 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION............................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................. xii LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................. xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. xvi ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... xvii INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 1 Historical Context ....................................................................................................