Thirteenth Report of the Good Neighbor Environmental Board to the President and Congress of the United States June 2010 English and Spanish versions available This report was published in English and Spanish. The original text was written in English and translated thereafter; any disputed meaning should refer back to the English version. A Blueprint for Action on the U.S.-Mexico Border Thirteenth Report of the Good Neighbor Environmental Board to the President and Congress of the United States June 2010 About the Board The Good Neighbor Environmental Board is an independent U.S. Presidential advisory committee that was created in 1992 under the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative Act, Public Law 102-532. It operates under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), and its mission is to advise the President and Congress of the United States on “good neighbor” environmental and infrastructure practices along the U.S. border with Mexico. The Board does not carry out border-region environmental activities of its own, nor does it have a budget to fund border projects. Rather, its unique role is to step back as an expert, nonpartisan advisor to the President and Congress and recommend how the federal government can most effectively work with its many partners to improve the environment along the U.S.­ Mexico border. Under Presidential Executive Order 12916, its administrative activities were assigned to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and are carried out by the EPA Offi ce of Cooperative Environmental Management (OCEM). Membership on the Board is extremely diverse. It includes senior officials from a number of U.S. Federal Government agencies and from each of the four U.S. border states—Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. It also includes representatives from the tribal, local government, nonprofit, ranching and grazing, business, and academic sectors. In addition, the Board maintains dialogue with its counterpart Mexican environmental agency advisory groups and the Consejos Consultivos para el Desarrollo Sustenable (CCDS)—referred to as Consejos—to help ensure that it remains informed about issues on the Mexico side of the border. The Board meets twice each calendar year in various U.S. border communities and once in Washington, DC. Its advice is submitted to the U.S. President and Congress in the form of annual reports that contain recommendations for action. These recommendations are submitted after consensus is reached across the entire membership. They are shaped by the combined expertise of the Board members, by the Board’s ongoing dialogue with its Consejo counterpart groups, and by the speakers and concerned citizens from both sides of the border who attend its meetings in border communities. The Board also occasionally issues Comment Letters during the year to provide input on timely topics. One of the most frequently recurring themes in its advice is that support for cross-border cooperation is essential if sustained progress is to be made on environmental issues along the U.S.-Mexico border. All meetings of the Good Neighbor Environmental Board are open to the public. For more information, see the Board Web Site, http:// www.epa.gov/ocem/gneb, or contact EPA OCEM at 202-564-2294. Notice: This report was written to fulfill the mission of the Good Neighbor Environmental Board (the Board); a public advisory committee authorized under Section 6 of the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative Act, 7 USC, Section 5404. It is the Board’s Thirteenth Report to the President and Congress of the United States. EPA manages the operations of the Board. This report, however, has not been reviewed for approval by EPA and, hence, the report’s contents and recommendations do not necessarily represent the views and policies of EPA, nor of other agencies in the Executive Branch of the Federal Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute a recommendation for use. To request a hardcopy of this report, contact the National Service Center for Environmental Publications at 1-800-490-9198 or via e-mail at [email protected] and request publication number EPA 130-R-10-001. An electronic copy of this report can be found on the Good Neighbor Environmental Board Web Site at: (English version) http://www.epa.gov/ocem/gneb/gneb13threport/English-GNEB-13th-Report.pdf (Spanish version) http://www.epa.gov/ocem/gneb/gneb13threport/espanol-gneb-13th-report.pdf ii Good Neighbor Environmental Board Paul Ganster, Ph.D., Chair San Diego State University FEDERAL MEMBERS Jerry C. Agan Environmental Protection Agency Presidio County Judge, Texas Laura Yoshii (2009); Lawrence Starfi eld (2010) Diane Austin, Ph.D. Department of Homeland Security University of Arizona William O. Bresnick (acting) Marissa Stone Bardino Department of the Interior New Mexico Environment Department Luis Florez Christopher P. Brown, Ph.D. Department of Transportation New Mexico State University Linda L. Lawson Mike L. Connolly Department of State Campo Kumeyaay Nation, California Stewart Tuttle Michael P. Dorsey International Boundary and Water Commission County of San Diego San Department Bill Ruth (2009); Edward Drusina (2010) of Environmental Health Edward Elbrock DESIGNATED FEDERAL OFFICER Malpai Borderlands Group Environmental Protection Agency Gary Gallegos M. Dolores Wesson San Diego Association of Governments Veronica García Arizona Department of Environmental Quality Gary Gillen Gillen Pest Control, Texas Patti Krebs Industrial Environmental Association, California Ricardo Martinez California Environmental Protection Agency Stephen M. Niemeyer, P.E. Texas Commission on Environmental Quality Luis E. Ramirez Thomas, M.S.F.S. Ramirez Advisors Inter-National, Arizona Allyson Siwik Gila Resources Information Project, New Mexico Ann Marie A. Wolf Sonora Environmental Research Institute, Arizona John Wood Cameron County Commissioner, Texas iii iv A Blueprint for Action on the U.S.-Mexico Border Table of Contents About the Board . ii List of Members . iii Letter to the President and Congress . iv Introduction and Context . 2 Chapters: Climate Impacts, Adaptation, and Mitigation . 8 Air Quality . 14 Renewable Energy . 22 Water . 26 Solid and Hazardous Waste . 34 Emergency Response and Planning . 42 Habitat and Biodiversity Conservation . 46 Institutional Mechanisms. 54 Appendices: Advice Letters to the President and Congress . 60 Acknowledgments . 79 Glossary of Acronyms . 80 1 Introduction and Context he 13th report of the Good Neighbor Environmental developing and applying solutions to environmental problems TBoard (GNEB) describes the principal chronic that spill across the border and cause problems for U.S. and environmental issues that plague the border region Mexican communities. today. The report also identifi es specific immediate and The 13th report highlights important environmental medium-term actions that the federal government and other problems and solutions in the areas of climate change, key partners in the region can take to address these problems. air quality, water quantity and quality, energy, habitat Although there certainly is a need for more funding to address and biodiversity conservation, solid and hazardous waste, the environmental problems of this underserved region of the emergency response, environmental health, security along the United States, there is much that federal agencies can do to border, and institutional mechanisms for addressing border better implement existing programs and better use current environmental problems. Most of the topics are treated as resources. They can provide the leadership required to eliminate stand-alone chapters. Some topics are integrated in a number domestic and international barriers to facilitate efforts of state of places in different chapters, as is the case with security, and and local government, border communities, and the private with environmental health, which is treated in the water, air, sector. Federal participation is key to working effectively and waste chapters. across the border with Mexico, and absolutely necessary for Western end of the border fence at low tide; beyond the international boundary is Tijuana’s bull ring in the Playas de Tijuana neighborhood. ©Jeff Foott 2 A Blueprint for Action on the U.S.-Mexico Border The 13th report does not prioritize the border environmental sewerage infrastructure installation occurred years afterward. problems according to their severity nor according to proposed In areas of the U.S. border region, principally in Texas and New recommendations. Instead, the Board provides its perspective Mexico, but also in Arizona and California, colonias—residential of what the important border environmental problems are, communities in rural areas of counties lacking basic services and actions that the federal government can take to address such as water, sewage, electricity, and often paved roads— those problems. This report aims to reflect the concerns of developed without standard infrastructure. Thus, on both sides border communities. Many nongovernmental, state and local of the border, large numbers of residents do not have safe governmental, and tribal Board members live and work in potable water piped into their homes and lack proper sewage border communities; federal members of the GNEB also are collection and treatment services. Hundreds of thousands of experts on these border issues. The Board typically meets three U.S. border residents do not have the same levels of water and times annually, twice in border communities,