Inland Navigation Channel Training Works ASCE MOP Task Committee Members Bruce McCartney, Chair Tom Pokrefke, Editor Mike Cox, Member Dave Gordon, Member Steve Ellis, Member William H. McAnally, Member Freddie Pinkard, Member i CONTENTS PREFACE ……………………………………………………………….…..………… v 1 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………….………………………..... 1 1.1 Purpose …………………………………………………………………….………...... 1 1.2 Navigation Engineering ……………………………………………………….……..... 1 1.3 Scope ………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 1,4 Training Works on Major River Systems ……………………………………………... 2 1.5 Inland Waterways Value to the Nation ……………………………………...………… 4 1.6 Organization of this Manual …………………………………………...……………… 5 2 SEDIMENTATION AND SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT IN RIVER CHANNELS ... 6 2.1 General ………………………………………………………………………………… 6 2.2 Sediment Transport ……………………………………………...…………………….. 7 2.3 Sedimentation Problems ………………………………….……………………………. 8 2.4 Sediment Management ………………………………………………..……………… 11 2.5 Sedimentation Studies ……………………………………………………...………… 13 2.6 Sediment Data Needs ………………………………………..……………………….. 13 3 HISTORY ………………………………………………………………...………….. 15 4 TRAINING STRUCTURE TYPES AND LAYOUT ………………………….……. 19 4.1 General ……………………………………………………………………….……… 19 4.2 Re-directive Structures ……………………………………………...……………….. 19 4.3 Resistive Structures ………………………………………………………………….. 20 4.4 Channel Alignment and Contraction ……………………...…………………………. 21 4.5 Channel Realignments (Cutoffs) …………………………………………………….. 23 4.6 Contraction Width ……….….……………………………….………………………. 30 4.7 General Channel Plan ……………...………………………………………………… 31 4.8 Low Water Reference Plan ……………………………………….………………….. 34 5 DIKES ………………………………………………………………….…………….. 36 5.1 Stone Spur Dike Design Parameters ………………..…..…………………………….. 36 5.1.1 Dike Length ……………………………………………………………….….. 36 5.1.2 Dike Height ……………………………………………………..…………….. 37 5.1.3 Adjacent Dike Heights ……………………………...………………………… 38 5.1.4 Crest Profile …………………………………………………………..……….. 38 5.1.5 Crest Width …………………………………………………….……………… 39 5.1.6 Side Slopes ………………………………………………………….…………. 39 5.1.7 End Slopes …………………………………………………………..………… 40 5.1.8 Dike Angle …………………………………………………………………….. 40 5.1.9 Dike Spacing ……………………………………………..…………………… 40 5.1.10 Dike Bankheads ………………………………………………………………. 41 5.1.11 Scour Protection for Dikes …………………….……………………………… 45 ii 5.2 Other Types of Stone Dikes ………………………….……………………………….. 46 5.2.1 Longitudinal Dikes ……………………………………………………………. 46 5.2.2 Vane Dikes …………………………………………………………………….. 46 5.2.3 L-Head Dikes ……………………………………………..…………………… 48 5.2.4 Closure Dikes ………………………………………………..………………… 49 5.2.5 Kicker Dikes ………………………………………………..………………….. 50 5.2.6 Sills in Upstream Lock Approaches …………………………………………… 51 5.2.7 Cross Section of Various Structures verses Reference Elevations ……….……. 54 5.3 Timber Pile Dikes ……………………………………………………………………… 54 5.4 Inventory of Training Dikes on U.S. Rivers …………………………………………… 64 6 REVETMENTS ………………………………………………………….…………….. 66 6.1 Revetment Structures ……………………...…………………………………………… 66 6.2 Stone Revetments ………………………………………………………………………. 66 6.2.1 Traditional Stone Revetment ………………………….……………………….. 67 6.2.2 Trenchfill Revetment ……………………………………………..……………. 68 6.3 Other Revetment Types …………………………………………….………………….. 69 6.3.1 Board Mattress Revetment …………………………………………………….. 69 6.3.2 Timber Pile Revetment ………………………………………………………….70 6.3.3 Articulated Concrete Mat (ACM) Revetment ……………………….………… 71 7 OTHER TYPES OF TRAINING WORKS ……………………………….…………… 75 7.1 Bendway Weirs ………………………………………………………………………… 75 7.2 Blunt Nosed Chevron ……………………………………………...…………………… 76 7.3 Bullnose Structures …………………………………………………………………….. 78 7.4 Hard Points ……………………………………………………………………….…….. 79 8 CASE STUDIES …………………………………………………………….…………. 81 8.1 Scope …………………………………………………………………..……………….. 81 8.2 Missouri River …………………………………………………………………………. 81 8.3 Upper Mississippi River ………………………………………………….……………. 85 8.4 J. Bennett Johnston (Red River) Waterway ……………………………………………. 88 8.5 Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway – Alabama and Mississippi ……………….……….. 89 8.6 Lower Columbia River, Oregon ……………………………………………………….. 91 8.6.1 History ………………………………………………………………...……………….. 91 8.6.2 Pile Dike Description and Construction Methods Equipment …………………………. 94 9 COST …………………………………………………………………….…………….. 98 10 ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN ………………………………….………………….. 100 10.1 General ……………………………………………………...……………………….. 100 10.2 Notched Dikes ………………………………………………………………………. 100 10.3 Rootless Dike ………………………………………………………...……………… 101 10.4 Trail Dike …………………………………………………………….……………… 101 10.5 W-Dike ……………………………………………………………..…….………...…101 10.6 Dike Extensions (Offset) …………………………………………………………….. 102 iii 10.7 Sloping Crest Dike …………………………………...………………………………...102 10.8 Off-Bankline Revetment …………………………………….…………………………102 10.9 Multiple Roundpoint Structures ………………………………………..………………102 10.10 Environmental Guidelines and Design Guidance ……………………...………………103 11 MODEL STUDIES ……………………………………………………………..……...106 11.1 General ……………………………………………………………….………………...106 11.2 Physical Movable-Bed Models ………………………………………………………...107 11.3 Physical Fixed-Bed or Semi Fixed-Bed Navigation Models ………………...…..…….108 11.4 Numerical Model Studies ………………………………………...……………...…….109 11.5 Hydraulic Sediment Response Models ………………………………………...………110 11.6 Tow Simulation Studies ……………………………………………...…………...……112 12 PERFORMANCE, EVALUATION AND INSPECTION …………………..………..116 12.1 General ……………………………………………………………………..…...……..116 12.2 Hydrographic Surveys ………………………………………………….....…………..116 12.3 Above Water Inspections …………………………………………….………..………119 12.4 Aerial Inspections ………………………………………………..……………..……..119 12.5 Evaluation ……………………………………………………………………..………120 13 REPAIR TECHNIQUES……………………………………..……...……..………….122 13.1 General ……………………………………………………………………..………….122 13.2 Examples of Repairs and Repair Techniques ………………….……………..……….122 References ……………………………………………………………………………..……… 126 APPENDIX A: Terminology ……………………………………...………………………… 131 APPENDIX B: Development of Channel Contraction Widths ……………………………… 133 iv PREFACE This manual was produced by a Task Committee of the Waterways Committee of the Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute (COPRI), American Society of Civil Engineers. Members of the Task Committee are: Bruce L. McCartney, P.E., D.NE, M.ASCE. Retired hydraulic expert for navigation project design, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Headquarters (Office, Chief of Engineers) and North Pacific Division, Task Committee Chair. Thomas J. Pokrefke, P.E., D.NE, LM.ASCE. Retired research hydraulic engineer for river studies, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Engineer Research and Development Center (formerly Waterways Experiment Station). Task Committee Editor. Michael D. Cox, Dist.D.NE, Aff.M.ASCE. Member and former chair of COPRI Waterways Committee, currently President of COPRI Governing Board. Also experienced in river operations and channel maintenance activities through employment with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Task Committee member. Stephen W. Ellis, P.E. Retired civil engineer and Mississippi River Channel Improvement Coordinator for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mississippi Valley Division. Task Committee member. David C. Gordon, P.E. Chief of Hydraulic Design, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District, Task Committee member. William H. McAnally, Ph.D., P.E., D.NE, F.ASCE. Research Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mississippi State University, and Co-Director, Northern Gulf Institute. Task Committee member. Freddie Pinkard, P.E., Hydraulic Engineer, Chief, River Engineering Section and Mississippi River Channel Improvement Coordinator, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg District. Task Committee Member. Eleven of the thirteen chapters were assembled by Bruce McCartney and Tom Pokrefke with input and critical reviews from the other Committee members, several U.S. Army Corps of Engineers offices, and existing publications. Bruce McCartney is the principle author of Chapter 1, William McAnally is the principle author of Chapter 2, Bruce McCartney, Tom Pokrefke, and Freddie Pinkard are the principle authors to Chapter 4, Freddie Pinkard and Dave Gordon added significantly to Chapter 5, and Freddie Pinkard and Steve Ellis are the principle authors of Chapter 6. Dave Gordon added significantly to Chapter 7, Mike Cox and Freddie Pinkard contributed significantly to Chapter 8, and Tom Pokrefke is the principle author of Chapter 11 with the assistance of Dave Gordon. Tom Pokrefke is the principle author of Appendix A with input from the other Committee members. Steve Ellis located the information in Appendix B for the manual. The authors extend their appreciation to Carol A. McAnally for her editorial reviews. The Waterway Committee reviewers were: Doug Kamien, P.E. Retired Deputy District Engineer for Programs and Project Management for the Vicksburg District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mark F. Lindgren, P.E., M.ASCE, Hydraulic Engineer, Ch Hydrology & Hydraulics Branch, Walla Walla District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. v Thomas Wakeman III, Engr.Sc.D., F.PIANC, Dist.D.PE, Dist.D.NE., M.ASCE, Research Professor, Deputy Director, Center for Maritime System, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ The peer reviewers for the Committee of the Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and Rivers Institute were: David S. Biedenharn, P.E., PhD, M.ASCE. Retired Hydraulic Engineer, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Currently, Principal Investigator with Biedenharn Group, LLC. Areas of expertise: River Engineering, Fluvial Geomorphology, Sediment Management, and Channel Restoration. Pierre Y. Julien, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE. Professor