Rapid Assessment of Natural Resource Degradation in Refugee Impacted Areas in Northern Uganda Technical Report June 2019 Updated based on April 2019 refugee statistics . © 2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank and The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of The World Bank or The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank or FAO concerning the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The World Bank and FAO do not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. Cover photo: © FAO / Rebecca Tavani CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. III ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................................. IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. V 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ASSESSMENT 1 1.3 AREA OF INTEREST 2 2. SOCIOECONOMIC FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 REFUGEE AND HOST COMMUNITY POLITICAL FRAMEWORK 4 2.2 POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS 5 2.3 WOODFUEL CONSUMPTION 6 2.4 ACCESS TO WOODFUEL 8 2.5 COOKING STOVES AND PRACTICES 9 3. WOODY BIOMASS RESOURCES FINDINGS ....................................................................................................... 13 3.1 BIOPHYSICAL FIELD MEASUREMENTS 13 3.2 LULC MAPPING AND CHANGE DETECTION 14 3.3 LINKING WOODFUEL DEMAND AND SUPPLY 24 4. RECOMMENDED TECHNICAL INTERVENTIONS ................................................................................................ 26 4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 26 4.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF WOODLOTS FOR ENERGY AND OTHER PURPOSES 28 4.3 REHABILITATION OF DEGRADED FORESTS 31 4.4 ENHANCEMENT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY 34 4.5 ADDITIONAL RECOMMENDED MEASURES 36 5. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................................ 39 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................... 41 ANNEX 1: METHODOLOGIES ................................................................................................................................... 43 ANNEX 2: RAPID WOODFUEL DEMAND QUESTIONNAIRE ....................................................................................... 53 i FIGURES FIGURE 1. AOI: 5 AND 15 KM BUFFER ZONES AROUND REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS, NORTHERN UGANDA ......................................................... 3 FIGURE 2. A MAKESHIFT MARKET IN BIDIBIDI SETTLEMENT .................................................................................................................. 6 FIGURE 3. TRADITIONAL CHARCOAL KILN NEAR BIDIBIDI SETTLEMENT .................................................................................................... 7 FIGURE 4. FUELWOOD SOURCES FOR HOUSEHOLDS ........................................................................................................................... 8 FIGURE 5. TYPES OF HOUSEHOLD COOKSTOVES ................................................................................................................................. 9 FIGURE 6. TYPICAL OUTDOOR KITCHEN SETTING: A LORENA STOVE AND PILE OF FIREWOOD (REFUGEE HOUSEHOLD - BIDIBIDI) ........................ 10 2 FIGURE 7. LULC PER SETTLEMENT (AREA IN KM ) WITHIN THE 15 KM BUFFER ...................................................................................... 15 FIGURE 8. TREE COVER LOSS (IN HECTARES) USING 10 PERCENT TREE COVER THRESHOLD WITHIN 5 AND 15 KM BUFFERS (2001–2016) ......... 16 FIGURE 9. BIOMASS STOCK WITHIN THE SETTLEMENTS AND 15 KM OF SETTLEMENT BOUNDARIES, EARLY 2018 ........................................... 17 FIGURE 10. BIOMASS STOCK CHANGES BETWEEN 2013 AND 2018 WITHIN SETTLEMENTS AND 15 KM BUFFERS .......................................... 18 FIGURE 11. AREA 1: PLOT ALLOCATIONS ON 2015 LULC MAP ......................................................................................................... 44 FIGURE 12. AREA 2: PLOT ALLOCATIONS ON 2015 LULC MAP ......................................................................................................... 45 FIGURE 13. PLOT DESIGN FOR THE BIOPHYSICAL INVENTORY .............................................................................................................. 46 FIGURE 14. NUMBER OF SATELLITE IMAGES (LANDSAT 7 ETM+) OF THE TIME SERIES FOR BOTH PERIODS .................................................. 50 TABLES TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF THE INDICATIVE COSTS OF THE RECOMMENDED INTERVENTIONS .......................................................................... VII TABLE 2: REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS INCLUDED IN STUDY ........................................................................................................................ 2 TABLE 3. GENDER OF HOUSEHOLD HEAD ......................................................................................................................................... 5 TABLE 4. HOUSEHOLD INCOME ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 TABLE 5. REFUGEE AND HOST WOODFUEL CONSUMPTION, KG PPPD ..................................................................................................... 6 TABLE 6. ESTIMATED TOTAL WOODFUEL CONSUMPTION IN THE TARGET REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS ................................................................. 7 TABLE 7. BIOMASS STOCK BY LULC CATEGORY ............................................................................................................................... 13 TABLE 8. BIOMASS GROWTH (DRY MATTER) FOR SELECTED LULC CLASSES, AS NATIONAL AVERAGES AND FOR SEMI-MOIST LOWLANDS ............. 14 TABLE 9. LOSS AND DEGRADATION (HA) AND BIOMASS (AGB) CHANGES IN SELECTED LAND COVER CLASSES WITHIN 5 AND 15 KM OF THE REFUGEE SETTLEMENT BOUNDARIES ................................................................................................................................. 19 TABLE 10. DEGRADATION AND LOSS WITHIN THE REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND 5 KM BUFFER ZONE, WITH NET BIOMASS ESTIMATES (DM) FOR 2010–2013 AND 2014–2018 ..................................................................................................................................... 21 TABLE 11. SUMMARY OF DEGRADATION AND LOSS (IN HA) PER SETTLEMENT WITHIN 5 KM ..................................................................... 23 TABLE 12. ESTIMATED WOODFUEL DEMAND AND SUPPLY IN THE TARGET REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND WITHIN 5 KM BUFFER ZONE ................. 24 TABLE 13. SCENARIOS WITH REFUGEE POPULATION REDUCTIONS ....................................................................................................... 25 TABLE 14. INDICATIVE COSTS OF AGROFORESTRY INTERVENTION, PER HECTARE BASIS ............................................................................. 27 TABLE 15. INDICATIVE COSTS OF AGROFORESTRY INTERVENTION WITHIN REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS AND 5 KM BUFFERS ................................... 28 TABLE 16. INDICATIVE INVESTMENT AND OPERATIONAL COSTS OF ESTABLISHING WOODLOTS FOR ENERGY, PER HECTARE BASIS ....................... 29 TABLE 17. INDICATIVE COSTS TO SET UP A NURSERY ........................................................................................................................