Vol. 65 (3) • June 2016 International Journal of Taxonomy, Phylogeny and Evolution Electronic Supplement to Cynanchum (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadoideae): A pantropical Asclepiadoid genus revisited Rizwana Khanum, Siddharthan Surveswaran, Ulrich Meve & Sigrid Liede-Schumann Taxon 65: 467–480 TAXON 65 (3) • June 2016 Electr. Suppl. to: Khanum & al. • Cynanchum revisited */* Cynanchum montevidense */* C. a. montevidense Clade 9a */* C. blandum */* */* Metalepis albiora Clade 9: M. peranis */* C. roulinioides New World Cynanchum 64/0.82 C. foetidum */* C. racemosum C. ligulatum and Metalepis */0.996 C. laeve Clade 9b */* P. abyssinicum 64/0.99 99/* P. insipidum 91/* P. ledermannii 88/0.84 */* P. somaliense 4238 Clade 8: Glossonema, P. somaliense 3225 */* P. gonoloboides Odontanthera, 29/0.59 72/.097 Odontanthera radians */* Glossonema revoilii and Pentarrhinum 54/0.58 G. varians C. polyanthum 82/0.78 C. falcatum 3169 */* C. falcatum 21226 Clade 5: C. falcatum-schistoglossum C. schistoglossum */* Metaplexis japonica Nanking 52/0.74 */* Mp. japonica Tartu 89/0.998 */* C. thesioides Qingru C. thesioides Wang 88/0.99 C. sinoracemosum Clade 7: */* Raphistemma pulchellum */* Holostemma annularium Asian Cynanchum and 97/0.99 Seshagiria sahyadrica 40/0.73 C. ovalifolium 41/0.91 monospecic genera 75/* C. physocarpum */* C. formosanum Graphistemma pictum 98/* C. longipes 53/0.81 C. adalinae 85/* C. taiwanianum */* C. boudieri Clade 6: C. adalinae-longipes 49/<0.2 C. ocinale 97/* C. maximoviczii 59/0.99 C. wallichii 45/0.83 83/* C. giraldii 76/* 97/* C. wilfordii Clade 4b C. purpureum 96/* C. lysimachioides 75/0.89 77/* C. auriculatum 84/0.999 C. petrense */* C. oribundum Clade 4: Eurasian-Australian Cynanchum 69/0.86 C. corymbosum 87/* C. dalhousiae */* C. tunicatum C. callialatum 88/0.82 65/0.94 */* C. acutum Lisboa */* Clade 4a C. acutum 36516 C. chinense C. abyssinicum */* C. crassiantherae */* C. rubricoronae */* C. blyttioides */* C. hastifolium 21213 Clade 3: African Cyanchum C. hastifolium 3226 44/0.47 99/* */* C. orangeanum 347 */* C. orangeanum 4537 C. praecox C. meyeri 53/0.39 C. natalitium 62/0.54 C. ellipticum 39/0.54 C. altiscandens 59/0.98 C. obtusifolium Clade 2: S./E. African Cynanchum 63/0.94 C. africanum 50/0.49 C. rungweense C. chouxii 27/0.97 C. viminale brunonianum Liede 3272 30/0.95 C. arabicum C. viminale suberosum 32/0.91 C. mulanjense C. viminale UM 1441 31/0.87 C. viminale viminale C. antsiranense 99/* C. membranaceum C. pearsonianum C. gerrardii Newton 6206 C. gerrardii 962 73/0.99 C. gerrardii 2797 Fig. S1. */* C. juliani marnieri Comprehensive version of the 98/* 98/* C. radiatum C. ampanihense 81/* C. sigridiae outgroup-rooted maximum likelihood 46/0.97 C. mevei 64/* 86/* C. marnieranum C. appendiculatopsis (ML) tree for the Cynanchinae shown 39/0.62 C. insigne */* */* C. compactum C. a. compactum in Fig. 2 of the main paper. Numbers at */* C. folotsioides 37/0.84 */* C. implicatum C. messeri branches indicate support as estimated */* C. mahafalense C. pycnoneuroides C. rossii from non-parametric bootstrapping C. grandidieri 37/0.55 88/0.91 C. mariense 4280.58 C. arenarium under ML (BSML) and Bayesian-inferred 32/0.58 C. verrucosum 34/0.62 C. macranthum Clade 1b 97/* C. perrieri posterior probabilities (PP). Asterisks refer 93/* C. descoingsii Clade 1: Madagascan and all 98/* 85/* C. crassipedicellatum C. hardyi to unambiguous support by both methods C. rauhianum succulent Cynanchum */* C. toliari 47/0.55 C. itremense (BSML = 100, PP = 1). 37/0.90 21/0.74 28/0.999 C. lineare 42/0.89 21/0.28 C. moramangense 86/* C. angavokeliense C. leucanthum 44/0.71 */* C. danguyanum C. comorense C. phillipsonianum 74/0.999 C. madagascariense 16/0.24 */* C. papillatum 99/* C. cucullatum */* C. sessiliorum C. erythranthum 60/0.99 */* C. repandum 57/0.41 Clade 1a C. obovatum C. pachycladon C. analamazaotrense Schizostephanus alatus */* Calciphila galgalensis 6205 Schizostephanus */* Ca. galgalensis 9433 90/0.97 Ca. gillettii Calciphila Calotropis procera Calotropis */* Ps. nivalis */* Ps. madagascariensis Pentatropis Ps. sp. 20905 0.01 expected subst./site S1 TAXON 65 (3) • June 2016 Electr. Suppl. to: Khanum & al. • Cynanchum revisited 1b: Succulent Glossonema Cynanchum Odontanthera Clade 8 Clade 2 C. pachycladon Pentarrhinum C. chouxii 42/0.89 97/* Clade 1 */* 74/0.999 44/<0.1 50/0.49 72/0.80 9a: S. America 88/0.84 Clade 5 63/0.94 (incl. Metalepis) 99.7/* 43/<0.2 C. polyan. 88/0.82 */* 57/0.49 1a: Non-succulent 54/0.58 75/0.89 */* 21/- 21/0.26 53/0.81 42/0.51 C. analam. Madagascan Clade 9 42/0.42 52/0.74 */* 31/0.51 */* Cynanchum 99.7/* 64/0.99 21/<0.2 99/* 9b: N. America 98/* 75/* Schizostephanus 87/* 99.7/* 65/0.94 Clade 6 97/0.999 C. abyss. */* 25/<0.1 90/0.97 84/0.999 96/* */* */* Pentatropis Clade 7 4a Clade 3 Calotropis 4a Outgroup 4b Calciphila Clade 4 ML-BS = 100 Fig.Fig. S2. Signal S2 compatibility in the concatenated data. This bipartition network based on 350 maximum likelihood bootstrap replicates illustrates compatibility of backbone signals in the concatenated data. Edges correspond to potential branches in phylogenetic trees; their lengths are proportional to the occurrence frequency of the corresponding bipartition (edge/branch) in the bootstrap replicate tree sample. For better comparison, ML bootstrap support (BSML) values are also shown as values in addition to the Bayesian-inferred (BI) posterior probabilities (PP) of the according edge; asterisks indicate unambigu- ous support (BSML = 100, PP = 1). Bipartitions with frequencies < 20% are not shown; terminal subtrees are represented by triangles (version with all leaves can be found in the electronic supplement Fig. S3). S2 TAXON 65 (3) • June 2016 Electr. Suppl. to: Khanum & al. • Cynanchum revisited Outgroup 4b C. boudieri Calciphila galgalensis C. taiwanianum C. giraldii Clade 3 C. wilfordii Pentatropis nivalis C. maximoviczii C. itremense P. madagascariense C. wallichii C. ocinale C. angavokeliense C. crassiantherae Calciphila gillettii C. lineare C. rubricoronae Clade 4 C. moramangense 1a: Non-succulent Calotropis Pentatropis C. comorense C. leucanthum C. orangeanum C. purpureum procera sp. 20905 C. danguyanum Madagascan C. auriculatum C. blyttioides C. lysimachioides C. hastifolium C. erythranthum Cynanchum C. sessiliorum C. acutum C. cucullatum 4a C. praecox C. phillipsonianum C. callialatum C. papillatum C. tunicatum Schizostephanus C. chinense C. petrense alatus C. corymbosum C. madagascariense C. obovatum C. oribundum C. repandum C. dalhousiae C. analamazaotrense C. grandidieri Graphistemma pictum C. rauhianum C. ovalifolium C. abyssinicum C. toliari Clade 1 Clade 7 C. macranthum C. formosanum C. pachycladon C. physocarpum C. verrucosum Raphistemma pulchellum C. arenarium Holostemma annularium C. chouxii C. rossii C. mariense C. pynoneuroides C. perrieri Seshagiria sahyadrica C. sinoracemosum C. adalinae C. rungweense C. hardyi Metaplexis C. longipes japonicum C. schistoglossum C. crassipedicellatum C. descoingsii C. polyanthum C. africanum C. thesioides C. laeve C. obtusifolium C. a. compactum C. ligulatum C. pear- C. compactum C. insigne Clade 6 9b C. roulinioides C. falcatum sonianum C. foetidum C. altiscandens C. antsira- C. appendiculatopsis nense C. mahafalense. C. marnieranum C. racemosum P. gonoloboides C. arabicum Clade 5 C. membranaceum C. messeri C. folotsioides G. varians C. implicatum Metalepis albiorum C. ellipticum C. meyeri C. viminale M. peranis C. radiatum C. mulanjense C. mevei C. blandum C. juliani-marnieri Glossonema revoilii C. natalitium Clade 9 C. viminale 9a P. ledermannii Odontanthera radians C. ampanihense Clade 2 C. sigridiae C. gerrardii C. montevidense P. somaliense C. a. montevidense 1b: Succulent Cynanchum Pentarrhinum insipidum P. abyssinicum ML-BS = 100 Clade 8 Fig. S3. Comprehensive bipartition network based on 350 maximum likelihood (ML) bootstrap (BS) replicates illustrating compatibility of phylogenetic signal in the concatenated data. Edges correspond Fig.to potential S3 branches in phylogenetic trees; their lengths are proportional to the occurrence frequency of the corresponding bipartition (edge/branch) in the bootstrap replicate tree sample. See Fig. S2 for a version focussing on backbone topological alternatives providing support values from non-parametric bootstrapping under ML and Bayesian inference; Table S2 for a graphically enhanced tabulation of ML-BS support for ML-preferred and alternative bipartitions based on the concatenated data and one- or two-partition datasets. S3 TAXON 65 (3) • June 2016 Electr. Suppl. to: Khanum & al. • Cynanchum revisited 4b C. boudieri 1b: Succulent C. giraldii C. taiwanianum C. wilfordii C. gerrardii Cynanchum C. ocinale C. maximoviczii Clade 3 C. juliani- marnieri C. ampanihense C. wallichii Outgroup Clade 4 C. radiatum C. mevei C. purpureum C. crassiantherae Calciphila galgalensis C. sigridiae C. rubricoronae Pentatropis nivalis C. auriculatum C. folotsioides C. appendiculatopsis P. madagascariense C. implicatum C. marnieranum 4a C. lysimachioides C. blyttioides C. acutum C. orangeanum C. hastifolium Calciphila gillettii C. insigne C. callialatum Pentatropis C. tunicatum C. a. compactum sp. 20905 C. compactum C. corymbosum C. chinense Calotropis C. oribundum C. petrense procera C. mahafalense C. praecox C. messeri C. ovalifolium C. arabicum C. dalhousiae C. antsiranense Metaplexis C. physocarpum C. viminale japonicum Schizostephanus C. rossii C. pearsonianum C. formosanum C. grandidieri C. thesioides alatus C. viminale Graphistemma pictum C. pynoneuroides C. membranaceum Clade 7 C. analamazaotrense C. mulanjense C. sinoracemosum C. abyssinicum C. hardyi C. toliari C. crassipedicellatum Seshagiria sahyadrica C. pachycladon C. rauhianum C. descoingsii Raphistemma pulchellum C. adalinae C. perrieri Holostemma annularium C. longipes C. chouxii C. laeve C. schistoglossum C. rungweense C. arenarium C. ligulatum C. mariense Clade 6 9b C. polyanthum C. macranthum C. roulinioides C. verrucosum C. foetidum C. obovatum C. leucanthum C. racemosum C. falcatum C. repandum Clade 1 C. africanum C. angavokeliense Metalepis albiorum P. gonoloboides C. mada- gascariense M. peranis C. obtusifolium G. varians C. phillipsonianum Clade 9 C. blandum C. comorense C.