BEYOND PHILOLOGY AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LINGUISTICS, LITERARY STUDIES AND ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING 14/3 CHILDREN IN LITERATURE Edited by Jadwiga Węgrodzka WYDAWNICTWO UNIWERSYTETU GDAŃSKIEGO GDAŃSK 2017 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Danuta Stanulewicz SECTION EDITORS Olga Sokołowska (Linguistics) Ludmiła Gruszewska-Blaim (Literary Studies, Culture) Wojciech Kubiński (Translation) Tadeusz Danilewicz (Language Acquisition, Education) Jadwiga Węgrodzka (Reviews, Reports, Interviews) ASSISTANT EDITORS Maria Fengler Michał Golubiewski Ewelina Gutowska-Kozielska Karolina Janczukowicz Joanna Redzimska Małgorzata Smentek Magdalena Wawrzyniak-Śliwska PROOFREADERS Martin Blaszk Sarah Flamminio Robert Urbański Jean Ward Tadeusz Z. Wolański The Editors and Proofreaders are all affiliated with the Institute of English and American Studies, University of Gdańsk, Poland. COVER DESIGN Andrzej Taranek ISSN 1732-1220 eISSN 2451-1498 © Copyright by Uniwersytet Gdański Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego Contact address Institute of English and American Studies University of Gdańsk Wita Stwosza 51 80-308 Gdańsk Poland Phone: (+48) 58 523 30 49, (+48) 58 523 30 50 Email: [email protected] ASSOCIATE EDITORIAL BOARD Marta Bogdanowicz (University of Gdańsk, Poland) Joanna Burzyńska-Sylwestrzak (Uczelnia Lingwistyczno-Techniczna, Świecie, Poland) Ewa Dąbrowska (Northumbria University, Newcastle, U.K.) Desmond Graham (University of Newcastle, U.K.) Zoltán Kövecses (Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary) Ronald W. Langacker (University of California at San Diego, U.S.A.) Barbara Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk (University of Łódź, Poland) Jerzy Limon (University of Gdańsk, Poland) Irene Gilsenan Nordin (Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden) David Malcolm (University of Gdańsk, Poland) Elżbieta H. Oleksy (University of Łódź, Poland) Adam Pasicki (Pedagogical University of Kraków, Poland) Piotr Ruszkiewicz (Pedagogical University of Kraków, Poland) Bogdan Szymanek (Catholic University of Lublin, Poland) Ryszard Wenzel (Akademia Polonijna, Częstochowa, Poland) Marta Wiszniowska (Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland) BOARD OF REVIEWERS Frank Cioffi (Baruch College, City University of New York, U.S.A.) Danuta Gabryś-Barker (University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland) Aleksandra Kędzierska (Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland) Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld (Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland) Marzenna Mioduszewska (Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain) Grzegorz Moroz (University of Białystok, Poland) Kazimierz Sroka (University of Gdańsk, Poland; Polonia University in Częstochowa, Poland) Krystyna Stamirowska (Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland) Yuri Stulov (Minsk State Linguistic University, Belarus) Kamila Turewicz (University of Humanities and Economics in Lodz, Poland) Tomasz Warchoł (Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, U.S.A.) ISSUE REVIEWERS Bartłomiej Błaszkiewicz (University of Warsaw, Poland) Maria Błaszkiewicz (University of Warsaw, Poland) Barbara Klonowska (Catholic University of Lublin, Poland) Barbara Kowalik (University of Warsaw, Poland) Wojciech Nowicki (Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland) Grzegorz Trębicki (Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Poland) Beyond Philology is published in print and online: <http://www.fil.ug.gda.pl/pl/instytuty--anglistyki_i_amerykanistyki-- beyond_philology/>, <http://cwf.ug.edu.pl/ojs/index.php/beyond>. The online version is primary. Beyond Philology is indexed by The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (CEJSH) (<http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl>) Index Copernicus (<http://www.indexcopernicus.com>) MLA International Bibliography BEYOND PHILOLOGY 14/3 Contents The worlds of Celia by Elena Fortún 7 MARÍA JESÚS FRAGA Images of the child and childhood in Elizabeth Jennings’ poetic world 33 JEAN WARD Neither useful nor useless: The child in Kate Chopin’s fiction 49 MONIKA DACA Children’s theatricals and other games in E. Nesbit’s The Enchanted Castle and David Almond’s Kit’s Wilderness 65 JADWIGA WĘGRODZKA Pet or food: Animals and alimentary taboos in contemporary children’s literature 87 JUSTYNA SAWICKA Henry James, Louisa May Alcott, and the child 113 BEATA WILLIAMSON The world of childhood in Ray Bradbury’s The Illustrated Man 129 KAROL CHOJNOWSKI 6 Beyond Philology 14/3 A buried childhood in Charles Dickens’s David Copperfield 147 TATIANA JANKOWSKA When the reader becomes a child: Narratological issues in Daughters of the House by Michèle Roberts 169 JOANNA MORAWSKA The maturation of the children and the transformation of the society in Patricia Grace’s Baby No-Eyes 183 EWA KROPLEWSKA Religion and the nursery: Evelyn Waugh’s Brideshead Revisited 199 ALEKSANDRA SŁYSZEWSKA Pupil passive, learner active in schooling and the work of fiction: William Golding’s Lord of the Flies 217 MARTIN BLASZK Information for Contributors 239 Beyond Philology No. 14/3, 2017 ISSN 1732-1220, eISSN 2451-1498 The worlds of Celia by Elena Fortún MARÍA JESÚS FRAGA Received 28.08.2017, received in revised form 20.11.2017, accepted 23.11.2017. Abstract Elena Fortún (1886-1952) is an important Spanish children’s writer, the author of a famous series of novels about Celia, who first ap- peared at the end of 1920s in stories published in a children’s sup- plement of a popular magazine. Told in the first person by a seven- year-old girl, these simple and humorous stories present an ordinary childhood in an affluent Madrid family using familiar elements of setting and time frames simultaneous with the reader’s activities. In the 1930s the stories became successful novels of education. Though the episodes of Celia’s life trace important social changes in the mid- dle-class life of the 1930s (family relations, emergence of feminism, economic decline, the civil war and its aftermath), a distinct quality of Fortún’s text is also the child’s Quixotic inability to separate the real world from the world of her prodigious imagination, which allows her to construct interpretations subtly critical of the adult world. Key words Elena Fortún, Celia, childhood, fantastic world, Spain, 1930s 8 Beyond Philology 14/3 Światy Celii w powieściach Eleny Fortún Abstrakt Elena Fortún (1886-1952) jest znaną hiszpańską autorką opowieści o Celii, które najpierw publikowane były w specjalnym dziecięcym dodatku do poczytnego magazynu pod koniec lat 20. XX wieku, a w latach 30. stały się serią nadzwyczaj popularnych powieści o edukacji. Proste i zabawne opowiadania posługują się pierwszooso- bową narracją siedmioletniej dziewczynki ukazując zwyczajne dzie- ciństwo w zamożnej madryckiej rodzinie i używając znanych odbiorcy elementów tła przestrzennego oraz chronologii nawiązującej do rytmu życia odbiorcy. Epizody z codziennego życia Celii ukazują ważne zmiany społeczne zachodzące w Hiszpanii lat trzydziestych (relacje rodzinne, pojawienie się feminizmu, pogarszanie się sytuacji ekono- micznej, wojna domowa i jej konsekwencje), ale znaczącą cechą opo- wiadań jest dziecięca nieumiejętność oddzielenia rzeczywistości i świata wyobraźni, co łączy Celię z postacią Don Kichota i pozwala jej tworzyć humorystyczne interpretacje świata dorosłych, które są w istocie krytyczne. Słowa kluczowe Elena Fortún, Celia, dzieciństwo, świat fantastyczny, Hiszpania, lata trzydzieste 1. Introduction In the interwar period Spanish society began its modernization although without managing to distance itself from its difficult turn-of-the-century legacy. At the beginning of the century, the literacy index of the young population was still very low and literature for children was developing in accordance with a traditional scheme based on the re-creation of popular envi- ronments and the importance of exemplary children firmly led by the hand of a narrator. Thanks to the initiative of some publishing houses (Calleja and later Juventud) which translat- María Jesús Fraga: The worlds of Celia… 9 ed great works of European children’s literature, already at the start of the twentieth century young Spanish readers learned to enjoy novels and stories created especially for them, and freed from the moralistic ballast of the nineteenth-century tales. The pioneering efforts of the publishing houses led to strengthening the importance of the children’s press – maga- zines, newspapers and supplementary materials for children – which in the 1920s became a powerful force for the promotion of vanguard movements in Spanish literature and visual arts. These circumstances created opportunities for new authors to publish frequently. The presence of such authors as Bartoloz- zi, Magda Donato, Antoniorrobles, or Elena Fortún in chil- dren’s publishing, was a decisive factor in the process of mod- ernizing Spanish literature for children and raising it to the European level. Elena Fortún, whose real name was Encarnación Aragones- es (1886-1952), was a professional writer without solid aca- demic education, but keen on culture and, in her adult years, immersed in the literary world owing to thick social networks established by female intellectuals of that time and to her husband’s dedicated fondness of theatre. Her works, published since 1920s by general publishers, reveal her interest in pro- gress and her dedication to modern ideas: feminism, abolition- ism, spirituality, education and hygiene, and fashion. The au- thor was one of the first members of the Lyceum Club, a space created for women, founded in Madrid in 1926 in the image of clubs already existing in other European capitals. That was where she made friends with María Lejárraga, a writer