UNITED NATIONS International Tribunal for the Case No. IT-98-29-T Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of Date: 5 December 2003 International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Former Yugoslavia since 1991 Original: English IN TRIAL CHAMBER I Before: Judge Alphons Orie Judge Amin El Mahdi Judge Rafael Nieto-Navia Registrar: Mr. Hans Holthuis Judgement Of: 5 December 2003 PROSECUTOR v. STANISLAV GALI] JUDGEMENT AND OPINION The Office of the Prosecutor: Mr. Mark Ierace Mr. Chester Stamp Mr. Daryl Mundis Ms. Prashanthi Mahindaratne Mr. Manoj Sachdeva Counsel for the Accused: Ms. Mara Pilipovi} Mr. Stéphane Piletta-Zanin CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................5 II. APPLICABLE LAW ....................................................................................................................7 1. Prerequisites of Article 3 of the Statute ...................................................................................7 2. Attack on Civilians as a Violation of the Laws or Customs of War........................................8 (a) Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 8 (b) First and Second Tadi} Conditions .......................................................................................... 8 (c) Third Tadi} Condition............................................................................................................ 12 (d) Fourth Tadi} Condition.......................................................................................................... 13 (e) Material and Mental Elements ............................................................................................... 14 (i) Arguments of the Parties..................................................................................................... 14 (ii) Discussion.......................................................................................................................... 16 (f) Conclusion .............................................................................................................................. 26 3. Terror Against the Civilian Population as a Violation of the Laws or Customs of War .......26 (a) Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 26 (b) Consideration of the Arguments of the Parties ...................................................................... 27 (i) Prosecution ......................................................................................................................... 27 (ii) Defence.............................................................................................................................. 30 (c) Discussion .............................................................................................................................. 33 (i) Preliminary remarks............................................................................................................ 34 (ii) First and Second Tadić Conditions.................................................................................... 35 (iii) Third Tadić Condition ...................................................................................................... 39 (iv) Fourth Tadić Condition..................................................................................................... 40 (v) Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 49 B. OFFENCES CHARGED UNDER ARTICLE 5 OF THE STATUTE .........................................................50 1. Prerequisites of Article 5 of the Statute .................................................................................50 2. Crimes Alleged under Article 5 of the Statute.......................................................................53 (a) Murder.................................................................................................................................... 53 (b) Inhumane acts ........................................................................................................................ 53 C. CUMULATIVE CHARGING AND CONVICTIONS .............................................................................54 1. Cumulative Charging.............................................................................................................54 2. Cumulative Convictions ........................................................................................................55 (a) Article 3: The Test Applied to Count 1 and Counts 4 and 7.................................................. 55 (b) Articles 3 and 5: Cumulation for War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity....................... 56 (c) Article 5: The Counts of Murder and Inhumane acts............................................................. 56 D. THEORIES OF RESPONSIBILITY UNDER ARTICLE 7 OF THE STATUTE...........................................56 1. Individual Responsibility under Article 7 (1) of the Statute..................................................57 2. Article 7 (3) of the Statute .....................................................................................................60 III. FACTUAL AND LEGAL FINDINGS ....................................................................................61 A. GENERAL REMARKS ON TERMINOLOGY AND EVIDENCE ............................................................61 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................61 2. Definitions of “Campaign” and “Sniping” ............................................................................62 (a) Campaign ............................................................................................................................... 62 (b) Sniping ................................................................................................................................... 62 3. Evaluation of Evidence..........................................................................................................64 B. EVENTS LEADING TO THE MILITARY ENCIRCLEMENT OF SARAJEVO IN 1992.............................65 1. Break-up of the SFRY ...........................................................................................................65 2. Sarajevo: Armed Conflict and Military Encirclement...........................................................67 (a) April 1992: Armed Conflict Erupts in Sarajevo..................................................................... 68 (b) May 1992: Further Attacks in Sarajevo and Establishment of a Bosnian-Serb Army........... 68 (c) June/September 1992: Intensification of Attacks in Sarajevo and Further Deployment of UN forces.............................................................................................................................. 71 C. WAS THERE A CAMPAIGN OF SNIPING AND SHELLING BY SRK FORCES AGAINST CIVILIANS? ...72 1. General Evidence of Sniping and Shelling at Civilians in ABIH-held Areas of Sarajevo during the Indictment Period...............................................................................................74 2. Sniping and Shelling of Civilians in Urban ABiH-held Areas of Sarajevo...........................80 (a) General Grbavica Area........................................................................................................... 80 (i) Scheduled Sniping Incident 5 ............................................................................................. 90 (ii) Scheduled sniping incident number 24.............................................................................. 93 (b) Hrasno Area ........................................................................................................................... 96 (i) Scheduled Sniping Incident 10 ........................................................................................... 99 (ii) Scheduled Sniping Incident 15 ........................................................................................ 101 (iii) Scheduled Sniping Incident 20....................................................................................... 104 (iv) Scheduled Sniping Incident 27 ....................................................................................... 107 (c) Alipašino Polje Area ............................................................................................................ 109 (i) Ne|ari}i and the School for the Blind .............................................................................. 109 (ii) Scheduled Sniping Incident 13 ........................................................................................ 112 (iii) Scheduled Sniping Incident 21....................................................................................... 115 (iv) Scheduled Sniping Incident 23 ....................................................................................... 117 (v) Scheduled Sniping Incident 25 ........................................................................................ 121 (vi) Scheduled Sniping Incident 26 ....................................................................................... 123 (vii) Shelling incident in Alipa{ino Area..............................................................................