Volatile Organic Compounds - Understanding the Risks to Drinking Water Report Reference: DWI9611.04 October 2014 Volatile Organic Compounds - Understanding the Risks to Drinking Water Report Reference: DWI9611.04 Date: October 2014 Authors: Rockett, L., Aldous, A., Benson, V., Brandon, Y., Briere, B., Dee, T., Gee, R.H., Rumsby, P., Shepherd, D., Turrell, J., and Watts, C. Project Manager: Leon Rockett Project No.: 16004-0 Client: Drinking Water Inspectorate Client Manager: Peter Marsden DWI Ref: DWI 70/2/292 RESTRICTION: This report has the following limited distribution: External: Drinking Water Inspectorate © Drinking Water Inspectorate 2014 The contents of this document are subject to copyright and all rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written consent of Drinking Water Inspectorate. This document has been produced by WRc plc. Any enquiries relating to this report should be referred to the Project Manager at the following address: WRc plc, Telephone: + 44 (0) 1793 865000 Frankland Road, Blagrove, Fax: + 44 (0) 1793 865001 Swindon, Wiltshire, SN5 8YF Website: www.wrcplc.co.uk Version Control Table Version Quality Checks Purpose Issued by Date number Approved by DWI9611.01 Interim report issued to DWI for comment. Leon Rockett Paul Rumsby 29/05/13 Project Manager Simon Blake DWI9611.02 Draft report of VOC modelling outputs Leon Rockett Paul Rumsby 19/11/13 Project Manager Chris Watts DWI9611.03 Draft final report issued to DWI for Leon Rockett Paul Rumsby 07/03/14 comments Project Manager Chris Watts DWI9611.04 Final report issued to DWI Leon Rockett Paul Rumsby 14/10/14 Project Manager The research was funded by the Drinking Water Inspectorate, Defra under project DWI 70/2/292. The views expressed here are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department. Contents Summary .................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 6 2. 1,2-Dichloropropane .................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Physico-Chemical Properties ...................................................................................... 7 2.2 Toxicological Data Review .......................................................................................... 7 2.3 Derivation of Tolerable Daily Intakes ........................................................................ 10 2.4 Review of Current and Historical Usage ................................................................... 11 2.5 Review of Occurrence Data ...................................................................................... 12 2.6 Review of Literature Data on Removal during Sewage Treatment ........................... 12 2.7 Review of Literature Data on Removal during Drinking Water Treatment ................ 14 3. Dichloromethane ....................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Physico-Chemical Properties .................................................................................... 15 3.2 Toxicological Data Review ........................................................................................ 15 3.3 Derivation of Tolerable Daily Intakes ........................................................................ 18 3.4 Review of Current and Historical Usage ................................................................... 19 3.5 Review of Occurrence Data ...................................................................................... 20 3.6 Review of Literature Data on Removal during Sewage Treatment ........................... 20 3.7 Review of Literature Data on Removal During Drinking Water Treatment .................................................................................................................. 23 4. Aniline ........................................................................................................................ 25 4.1 Physico-Chemical Properties .................................................................................... 25 4.2 Toxicological Data Review ........................................................................................ 25 4.3 Derivation of Tolerable Daily Intakes ........................................................................ 27 4.4 Review of Current and Historical Usage ................................................................... 28 4.5 Review of Occurrence Data ...................................................................................... 29 4.6 Review of Literature Data on Removal During Sewage Treatment .......................... 29 4.7 Review of Literature Data on Removal during Drinking Water Treatment ................ 33 5. Benzylchloride ........................................................................................................... 35 5.1 Physico-Chemical Properties .................................................................................... 35 5.2 Toxicological Data Review ........................................................................................ 35 5.3 Derivation of Tolerable Daily Intakes ........................................................................ 37 5.4 Review of Current and Historical Usage ................................................................... 38 5.5 Review of Occurrence Data ...................................................................................... 39 5.6 Review of Literature Data on Removal During Sewage Treatment .......................... 39 5.7 Review of Literature Data on Removal during Drinking Water Treatment ................ 39 6. 1,3-Butadiene ............................................................................................................ 40 6.1 Physico-Chemical Properties .................................................................................... 40 6.2 Toxicological Data Review ........................................................................................ 40 6.3 Derivation of Tolerable Daily Intakes ........................................................................ 42 6.4 Review of Current and Historical Usage ................................................................... 44 6.5 Review of Occurrence Data ...................................................................................... 47 6.6 Review of Literature Data on Removal during Sewage Treatment ........................... 48 6.7 Review of Literature Data on Removal during Drinking Water Treatment ................ 48 7. 1,1-Dichloroethane .................................................................................................... 49 7.1 Physico-Chemical Properties .................................................................................... 49 7.2 Toxicological Data Review ........................................................................................ 49 7.3 Derivation of Tolerable Daily Intakes ........................................................................ 51 7.4 Review of Current and Historical Usage ................................................................... 52 7.5 Review of Occurrence Data ...................................................................................... 52 7.6 Review of Literature Data on Removal during Sewage Treatment ........................... 52 7.7 Review of Literature Data on Removal during Drinking Water Treatment ................ 53 8. Nitrobenzene ............................................................................................................. 55 8.1 Physico-Chemical Properties .................................................................................... 55 8.2 Toxicological Data Review ........................................................................................ 55 8.3 Derivation of Tolerable Daily Intakes ........................................................................ 58 8.4 Review of Current and Historical Usage ................................................................... 59 8.5 Review of Occurrence Data ...................................................................................... 60 8.6 Review of Literature Data on Removal during Sewage Treatment ........................... 61 8.7 Review of Literature Data on Removal during Drinking Water Treatment ................ 65 9. Oxirane methyl .......................................................................................................... 67 9.1 Physico-Chemical Properties .................................................................................... 67 9.2 Toxicological Data Review ........................................................................................ 67 9.3 Derivation of Tolerable Daily Intakes ........................................................................ 69 9.4 Review of Current and Historical Usage ................................................................... 70 9.5 Review of Occurrence Data ...................................................................................... 72 9.6 Review of Literature Data on Removal during Sewage Treatment ........................... 72 9.7 Review of Literature Data on