The Impacts of Authorised Dictatorial Discourse on Heritage Management – Case study: South Korea’s Military Dictatorship Era 1961 – 1988 Minjae Zoh Jesus College and University of Cambridge This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. September 2018 1 Declaration This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any other such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other University of similar institution except in the Preface and specified in the text. This dissertation does not exceed the limit of 80,000 words (or 350 pages) approved by the Archaeology and Anthropology Degree Committee and the Board of Graduate Studies at the University of Cambridge. 2 Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to shout out the biggest possible THANK YOU to my supervisor, Prof. Marie Louise Stig Sørensen. She not only guided me with constructive criticism, but challenged me to think about the value of my research and continuously asked me why I found my research interesting which, looking back, was a crucial question and a source of motivation. Her guidance, deep understanding and generosity were critical to my research and for that, I cannot thank her enough. Thank you very much to my advisor Dr. Liliana Janik for her encouragement and her straightforward comments. I would also like to thank Dr. Dacia Viejo-Rose for organising the ‘Heritage and Dictatorship’ workshop which allowed me to think about my research question in various different angles. I cannot forget to thank Dr. Francesco Iacono for his invaluable comments on my opening chapter. A very big thank you to Dr. Hyun Kyung Lee for supporting me from day one of my PhD and also for providing me with feedback on my work – she got me through some challenging times and I am truly grateful for her kindness. I received a substantial amount of help during fieldwork and I would like to use this opportunity to express my gratitude. Thank you to Prof. Han Hong Koo who took the time to teach me how to find online archival sources and furthermore answered many questions I had concerning the ‘insider’ history of South Korea. To my cousin, Sungbong Jin: on a blazing hot summer day, he went with me to the Honam region and helped me take photographs of my case study sites and also came with me to the institutions to help me collect data. I am truly indebted to his time and his wholehearted support. Fieldwork for this research was generously funded by the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, The Dorothy Garrod Research Grant and also Jesus College – a huge thank you! Last but certainly not least, I would like to thank my family. To my father who is my greatest hero – I am in awe of his unconditional love and I am especially thankful for his contributions to my research. A massive thank you to my incredible mother: ‘thank you’ is an understatement. My utmost appreciation and respect to my sister Minhye who painstakingly read through my work multiple times and a nod to my younger brother for at least pretending to be interested in my research. Thank you also to the staff at Tongdokwon for their tremendous understanding and incredible support. 3 Table of Contents Declaration ............................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... 3 Contents ................................................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ 10 List of Tables .......................................................................................................................... 13 Abbreviations ......................................................................................................................... 14 Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 1 – Introduction ..................................................................................... 16 1.1. ‘Heritage’ and ‘Territories’ during dictatorship ........................................................ 16 1.2. Overview of the research .............................................................................................. 18 1.3. Theory: ‘Authorised Discourse’ ................................................................................. 23 1.4. Research objectives ....................................................................................................... 23 1.5. The scope of the research ............................................................................................. 24 1.6. Works previously done in relation to this research .................................................... 24 1.7. The structure of this thesis ........................................................................................... 27 1.8. Original contributions .................................................................................................. 29 4 Chapter 2 – Theoretical framework and Methodology 30 2.1. Theory: Smith’s (2006) AHD........................................................................................ 30 Key preceding literature .................................................................................................. 30 Overview of Smith’s AHD (central notions and scholarly critiques) ............................. 33 Limitations of the AHD .................................................................................................. 37 2.2. Authorised Dictatorial Discourse (ADD) .................................................................... 39 Dictators and heritage: selecting specific parts from the nation’s past ........................... 39 Carving out ADD ............................................................................................................ 42 Situating ‘ADD’ amongst existing ideas ....................................................................... 44 2.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 46 Notes on data collection and rationale ............................................................................ 47 Outline of fieldwork ........................................................................................................ 48 Progression, results and challenges of fieldwork ............................................................ 49 Presentation of case studies and rationale behind their selection ................................... 50 The Honam region sites (case studies I – III) ................................................................. 51 The Yongnam region sites (case studies IV – VI) ........................................................... 53 Step-by-step methodology for examining the impacts of PCH and CDH’s heritage policies and territorial politics on each site’s preservation and promotion .................... 56 Site biography ................................................................................................................. 56 Preservation status during the MDE ............................................................................... 56 Promotion status during the MDE .................................................................................. 57 Long term impacts .......................................................................................................... 57 5 Chapter 3 – Historical context .......................................................................... 58 3.1. The history of the conflict between the Honam and Yongnam regions .................... 58 The Three Kingdom Period (57 BC – AD 668) .............................................................. 59 The Goryeo Dynasty (918 – 1392) ................................................................................. 61 The Joseon Dynasty (1392 – 1910) ................................................................................ 62 Discussions ................................................................................................................... 64 3.2. The period from the Japanese colonial rule to the MDE .......................................... 65 Japanese colonial rule (1910 – 1945) ............................................................................. 65 U.S Military Administration (1945 – 1948) .................................................................... 67 The Korean War (1950 – 1953) ...................................................................................... 68 The rise and collapse of the First Republic (1948 – 1960) ............................................. 69 Discussions ....................................................................................................................